HUMAN REPRODUCTION

Anatomy:

Female Reproductive System

Front view
Lateral View
Vagina: The vagina is a canal that joins the cervix (the lower part of uterus) to the
outside of the body. It also is known as the birth canal.

Uterus (womb): The uterus is a hollow, pear-shaped organ that is the home to a
developing fetus. The uterus is divided into two parts: the cervix, which is the lower part
that opens into the vagina, and the main body of the uterus, called the corpus. The
corpus can easily expand to hold a developing baby. A channel through the cervix
allows sperm to enter and menstrual blood to exit.

Fallopian tubes: These are narrow tubes that are attached to the upper part of the uterus
and serve as tunnels for the ova (egg cells) to travel from the ovaries to the uterus.
Conception, the fertilization of an egg by a sperm, normally occurs in the fallopian
tubes. The fertilized egg then moves to the uterus, where it implants into the lining of
the uterine wall.

Ovaries: The ovaries are small, oval-shaped glands that are located on either side of the
uterus. The ovaries produce eggs and hormones.
 Male Reproductive System

Frontal View
Glans
Lateral View
Penis
The penis is an external genital organ. The distal end of the penis is called the glans penis and is
covered with a fold of skin called the prepuce or foreskin. Within the penis are masses of erectile
tissue. Each consists of a framework of smooth muscle and connective tissue that contains blood
sinuses, which are large, irregular vascular channels.
Urethra
The urethra, which is the last part of the urinary tract, traverses the corpus spongiosum and its
opening, known as the meatus, lies on the tip of the glans penis. It is both a passage for urine and
for the ejaculation of semen.

Prostate Gland
The prostate gland is a muscular gland that surrounds the first inch of the urethra as it emerges
from the bladder. The smooth muscle of the prostate gland contracts during ejaculation to
contribute to the expulsion of semen from the urethra.
Seminal Glands
The pair of seminal vesicles are posterior to the urinary bladder. They secrete fructose to provide
an energy source for sperm and alkalinity to enhance sperm mobility. The duct of each seminal
vesicle joins the ductus deferens on that side to form the ejaculatory duct.
Testes
The testes (singular, testis) are located in the scrotum (a sac of skin between the upper thighs). In the
male fetus, the testes develop near the kidneys, then descend into the scrotum just before birth. Each
testis is about 3cm. long by 2.5cm wide. Testosterone is produced in the testes which stimulates the
production of sperm as well as give secondary sex characteristics beginning at puberty.
Scrotum
The two testicles are each held in a fleshy sac called the scrotum. The major function of the scrotal sac
is to keep the testes cooler than thirty-seven degrees Celsius . The external appearance of the scrotum
varies at different times in the same individual depending upon temperature and the subsequent
contraction or relaxation of two muscles. These two muscles contract involuntarily when it is cold to
move the testes closer to the heat of the body in the pelvic region. This causes the scrotum to appear
tightly wrinkled. On the contrary, they relax in warm temperatures causing the testes to lower and the
scrotum to become flaccid. The temperature of the testes is maintained at about thirty-five degrees
Celsius , which is below normal body temperature. Temperature has to be lower than normal in order
for sperm production to take place.
Human sperm is 5 microns long and
can survive inside the female for 2–9
days.

A human egg is approximately 110 to

120 microns in diameter and can
survive for 24 hours (one day)
Fertilisation
development of endometrium
Endometrium
Embryo Development
 A
Placenta: is the connection
between foetal and maternal
tissues for the nutrition,
respiration and excretion of
the foetus.
Amniotic Sac: The amniotic
sac (also bag of waters) is the
sac in which the fetus
develops.
Amniotic Amniotic Fluid: The amniotic
Fluid fluid has many different
functions. Most of the
functions fall under one of two
categories: protection or
development. As the baby
floats in the fluid, the baby can
move around while at the
same time being protected
from blows to the uterus.
The First Stage of Labor
The first stage is the longest part of labor and can last up to 20 hours. It begins when your cervix starts to
open (dilate) and ends when it is completely open (fully dilated) at 10 centimeters. When the cervix dilates
from 0 to 3 or 4 centimeters, contractions get stronger as time progresses. Mild contractions begin at 15 to 20
minutes apart and last 60 to 90 seconds. The contractions become more regular until they are less than 5
When the cervix dilates from 4 to 8 centimeters (called the Active Phase), contractions get stronger and are
about 3 minutes apart, lasting about 45 seconds.
If the amniotic membrane ruptures -- or "water breaks" -- the contractions may get much stronger. When the
cervix dilates from 8 to 10 centimeters (called the Transition Phase), contractions are 2 to 3 minutes apart
and last about 1 minute.
The Second Stage of Labor (Delivery)
The second stage of labor begins when your cervix is fully dilated at 10 centimeters. This stage continues
until your baby passes through the birth canal, vagina, and is born. This stage may last two hours or longer.
Contractions may feel different from the first stage of labor -- they will slow to 2 to 5 minutes apart and last
from about 60 to 90 seconds.
The Third Stage of Labor
The third stage of labor begins after the baby is born and ends when the placenta separates from the wall of
the uterus and is passed through the vagina. This stage is often called delivery of the "afterbirth" and is the
shortest stage of labor. It may last from a few minutes to 20 minutes.
Childbirth 2
Breast feeding vs bottle feeding

HIV AIDS
Biology website
http://www.bbc.co.uk/science/humanbody/body/interactives/lifecycle/teenagers/