Ch.

2: An Interpersonal Communication Process

Interchanging Roles
Directive Approach
The interviewer establishes the purpose of the interview and attempts to control the pacing, climate, formality, and drift of the interview

Nondirective Approach
Interviewee(s) have significant control over the subject matter, length of answers, climate and formality.

Combination Approaches
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Interpersonal Communcation

Parties

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Perceptions
Perceptions of Self
Self-concept Self-esteem

Perceptions of the Other Party

Cultural Differences Perceptions of the other partys age, sex, race, etc. Perceptions may (and perhaps should ) change as the interview progresses
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Communication Interactions
Levels of Interaction
Level 1: relatively safe and nonthreatening (facts and figures about life) Level 2: personal, controversial or threatening topics about beliefs, attitudes, values and positions. Level 3: intimate and controversial areas of liferesponses include full disclosure of feelings, beliefs, etc.
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Communication Interactions
Sex, Culture and Interaction
Sex: women tend to disclose more than men and are allowed to express emotions more openly (with the exception of anger) Culture: cultures vary in how, when and to whom self-disclosure is appropriate Politeness Theory holds that all persons want to be appreciated and protected

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Communication Interactions
Verbal Interactions
Words are imperfect and often lead to miscommunication as much as they may communicate I.E., Multiple Meanings, Ambiguities, Sound Alikes, Connotations, Jargon, Slang, Euphemisms, Naming/Labeling, Word Order, Power Words, Regional Differences, Gender and Global Differences
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Communication Interactions
Nonverbal Interactions
Up to two-thirds of meaning is conveyed in nonverbal communications (facial expression, body posture, gestures, etc.)

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Feedback
Feedback verifies what is being communicated and how well it is being communicated. Communicated verbally and nonverbally

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Listening Styles
Listening for Comprehension
Receiving, understanding and remembering the message as accurately and completely as possible

Listening for Empathy

Communicating genuine concern, understanding and involvement with the persons subjective frame of reference.

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Listening Styles
Listening for Evaluation
Critical Listening: Judging what you hear and observe

Listening for Resolution

Dialogic Listening: focus on ours rather than mine or yoursappropriate for problemsolving interviews where the purpose is joint resolution

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The Interview Situation

Surroundings (atmosphere, climate, noise, presence of others/privacy) Time (time of day, week, year) Place (on whose turf) Proximity and Setting (arrangement, comfort)

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Outside Forces
Family, associates, friends, etc. may influence the progression of the interview No one comes to the interview from a vacuumwe bring our lives with us.

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