Accounting & Finance, Management

(2nd Year)
Fundamentals of Information System

Unite Two
Hardware & Software Fundamentals

Set by Alehegn E
 Computer System
 Computer system is a basic, complete and functional
computer, including all the hardware and software required
to make it functional for a user.
 Computer System is a group of components, consisting of
subsystems or procedures that work in a coordinated fashion
to achieve some objective.
 Computer system is an integrated form of different
components that work together to give a desirable result.
 It has different component and each works for a specific
purpose; however, they generate a common result as
required by the user.

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 A system of interconnected computers that share a central
storage system and various peripheral devices such as a
printers, scanners, or routers.
 Each computer connected to the system can operate
independently, but has the ability to communicate with other
external devices and computers.
  It a collection of entities(hardware, and software) that are
designed to receive, process, manage and present
information in a meaningful format.
 Computer system is composed of both hardware and
software components

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 Computer System

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 Computer hardware
 Computer hardware is the physical equipment of the
computer you see and touch.
 Computer hardware includes the physical, tangible parts or
components of a computer, such as the cabinet, central
processing unit, monitor, keyboard, computer data storage,
graphics card, sound card, speakers and motherboard.
 Computer hardware refers to the physical components that
make up a computer system.

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 Hardware can be classified as:
 Input device
 Processing device
 Output devices
 Storage device(Primary & secondary)
Input Devices:
 An input device is any hardware device that sends data to a computer,
allowing you to interact with and control it.
 An input device allows users to communicate and feed instructions and
data to computers for processing, display, storage and/or transmission.
 In computing, an input device is a piece of computer hardware
equipment used to provide data and control signals to an information
processing system such as a computer or information appliance.

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 Typical input devices are:
Keyboard
 It is the most common and very popular input device which
helps in inputting data to the computer.
 It is the piece of computer hardware used to input text,
characters, and other commands into a computer or similar
device.
 It is an external peripheral device in a computer system.

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 Keyboard

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 The keys on the keyboard are as follows:
1. Typing keys:
 These keys include the letter keys (A-Z) and digit keys (0-9)
which generally give same layout as that of typewriters.
2. Numeric keypad:
 It is used to enter numeric data or cursor movement.
 Generally, it consists of a set of 17 keys that are laid out in the
same configuration used by most adding machines and
calculators.

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3. Function keys:
 The twelve function keys are present on the keyboard which
are arranged in a row at the top of the keyboard.
 Each function key has unique meaning and is used for some
specific purpose.
4. Controls keys:
 These keys provide cursor and screen control.
 It includes four directional arrow keys.
 Control keys also include Home, End, Insert, Delete, Page
Up, Page Down, Control(Ctrl), Alternate(Alt), Escape(Esc).

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5. Special purpose keys:
 Keyboard also contains some special purpose keys such as
Enter, Shift, Caps Lock, Num Lock, Space bar, Tab, and Print
Screen.
Mouse:
 Mouse is a handheld hardware input device that controls
a cursor in a GUI(graphical user interface) and can move and
select text, icons, files, and folders on your computer.
 It is most popular pointing device.
 Generally it has two buttons called left and right button and a
wheel is present between the buttons.

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 Mouse can be used to control the position of cursor on screen,
but it cannot be used to enter text into the computer.
 Advantages
Easy to use
Not very expensive

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 Scanner
 It is an input device which works more like a photocopy
machine.
 It is used when some information is available on a paper and
it is to be transferred to the hard disc of the computer for
further manipulation.
 Scanner captures images from the source which are then
converted into the digital form that can be stored on the disc.
 These images can be edited before they are printed.

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 Scanner

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Touch Screen
 It is a computer display screen that is also an input device.
 The screens are sensitive to pressure; a user interacts with the
computer by touching pictures or words on the screen.
 It is a pointing device that enables the user to interact with
the computer by touching the screen.

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 Digital Camera:
 It capture an image which is stored in memory within the
camera.
 The digital images can then be downloaded from the camera
to a computer where they can be displayed, manipulated or
printed.

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Microphone
 Microphone is an input device to input sound that is then
stored in a digital form.
 The microphone is used for various applications such as
adding sound to a multimedia presentation or for mixing
music.

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Bar Code Readers

 It is a device used for reading bar coded data (data in the
form of light and dark lines).
 Bar coded data is generally used in labeling goods,
numbering the books, etc

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Processing device:
 They are parts of the computer that are responsible
for processing or converting data into meaningful information.
 There are many processing devices and the most common ones
in a computer include the Central Processing Unit (CPU).
 It is any device in a computer that handles this intermediate
stage.
 When a computer receives data from an input device the data
must go through an intermediate stage before it can be sent to
an output device

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Central Processing Unit (CPU )
 The brain or engine of the PC is the processor (sometimes called

microprocessor), or central processing unit (CPU).

 The CPU's main function is to take input from

a peripheral (keyboard, mouse, printer, etc) or computer program,

and interpret what it needs.
 The CPU then either outputs information to your monitor or

performs the peripheral's requested task.

 The microprocessor is the major component of any system board.

 It executes software instructions and carries out arithmetic

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 Function of CPU:

 Fetch data and instructions (from memory).

 Interpret instructions (decode them to determine action).

 Process data (perform arithmetic operation).

 Write data (results are stored back in memory).

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 CPU components:
Memory or Storage Unit:
Control Unit
ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 Memory or Storage Unit:
 It stores all the data and the instructions required for
processing.
 It stores intermediate results of processing.
 It stores final results of processing before these results are
released to an output device.
 All inputs and outputs are transmitted through main memory.

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 Control Unit:
 It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and
instructions among other units of a computer.
 It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
 It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them,
and directs the operation of the computer.
 It communicates with Input/output devices for transfer of data
or results from storage.
 It does not process or store data.

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 ALU(Arithmetic Logic Unit)
 This unit consists of two subsections namely
Arithmetic section
Logic Section
 Arithmetic Section
Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic
operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication and division.
All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of
above operations.
 Logic Section
Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as
comparing, selecting, matching and merging of data.

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Output device:
 Display information that has been held or generated within
a computer.
 Convert information processed by CPU to human
understandable format either visually or in any format.
 Monitors
 Monitors, commonly called as Visual Display Unit (VDU).
 Monitor are the main output device of a computer
 There are two kinds of viewing screen used for monitors.
Cathode-Ray Tube (CRT)
Flat- Panel Display

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 Printer:
 Printer is an output device, which is used to print
information on paper.
 By printing you create what is known as a 'hard copy'.
 Speaker:
 It is a hardware device that connects to a computer to
generate sound.
 The signal used to produce the sound that comes from a
computer speaker is created by the computer's  sound card.

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 Projector
 It is an output device that can take images generated by a
computer and reproduce them onto a screen, wall, or other
surface.
 Typically, the surface projected onto is large, flat, and
lightly colored.
 For example, you could use a projector to show a
presentation on a large screen so that everyone in the room
can see it.
 Projectors can produce either still (slides) or moving
images (videos).
 A projector is often about the size of a toaster and weighs
only a few pounds.
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 Plotters:

 Plotters are large-scale printers, These are commonly used for

technical drawings such as engineering drawings or

architectural designs.

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 Storage device:
 It is any hardware capable of holding information either
temporarily or permanently.
 Categories of storage device:

 RAM
 ROM Primary memory/Main memory

 HDD
 FDD
 CD/DVD Secondary memory
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 Computer Memory
 Computer memory divided in two:
Primary memory
Secondary memory
 Primary Memory:
 It is computer memory that is accessed directly by the CPU.
 This includes several types of memory, such as the
processor cache and system ROM. However, in most cases,
primary memory refers to system RAM.
 It is the part used to hold /store/ programs and data.
 It is frequently accessed by applications or other hardware
systems and business users.
 Random Access Memory:
 RAM is the internal memory of the CPU for storing data, program
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 It is read/write memory which stores data until the
machine is working.
 As soon as the machine is switched off, data is erased.
 RAM is volatile, i.e. data stored in it is lost when we
switch off the computer or if there is a power failure.
 RAM is small, both in terms of its physical size and in the
amount of data it can hold.

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 Read Only Memory:
 The memory from which we can only read but cannot write
on it.
 This type of memory is non-volatile.
The information is stored permanently in such memories during
manufacture.
 ROM, stores such instructions that are required to start a
computer.
 This operation is referred to as bootstrap.
 ROM chips are not only used in the computer but also in
other electronic items like washing machine and microwave
oven.
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 Secondary memory:
 It is where programs and data are kept on a long-term basis.
 In many cases the information that has been processed is
stored in machine-readable format so that it may be accessed
at a later time by a computer.
 It is the slowest and cheapest form of memory.
 It cannot be processed directly by the CPU.
 It must first be copied into primary storage (also known
as RAM).
 It is a type of memory which stores the data permanently.
 It is non-volatile because it’s not lost the data whenever
computer is shutdown or restarted.
 It is used to store large amount of data for future use.
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 Storage Devices:
 Hard Disk
 It is commonly known as HDD (hard disk drive).
 It is non volatile storage device where we can store data
information for long period of time.
 It is made of metal with a thin coated of magnetic material.
 The hard disk has enormous storage capacity compared to
main memory.
 Floppy Disk
 They are made of plastic material coated with magnetized
material (Iron Oxide).
 It is a portable magnetic disk which are used for transferring
data from one computer to another computer.
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 CD (compact disc):
It is an optical disk used to store digital data.
It is easily developed for Backup storage.
The storage capacity of CD up to 720 MB.
 There are two types of CD:
CD-R
CD-R/W
 CD-R:
It stands for compact disc recordable.
Data is written only ones that means after written of data on disk cannot be
erased.
 CD-RW:
It stands for compact disc rewritable.
Data is write more than one time that means after written the data on disk
can be arranged.
 So, it is alsoofcalled
Fundamentals erasable
Information compact disc.
System
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 DVD (Digital versatile disc or digital video disk):
It is an optical disk which have used large storage capacity in comparison of
CD.
This is generally developed for Backup storage with huge capacity.
The storage capacity of DVD is from 4.7 GB to 28.5 GB
 There are two types of DVD:
DVD-R
DVD-R/W
 DVD-R:
It stands for Digital versatile disc recordable.
Data is write only ones that means after written of data on disk cannot be erased.
 DVD-R/W:
It stands for Digital versatile disc rewritable.
Data is write more than one time that means after written the data on disk can be
arranged.
 So, it is also called erasable compact disc.

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 Computer Software
 It is abbreviated as SW and S/W, software is a collection
of instructions that enable the user to interact with a computer, its
hardware, or perform tasks.
 Computer software is a collection of data or computer instructions that
tell the computer how to work.
 For example, without your Internet browser software, you could not surf
the Internet or read this page. Without an operating system, the browser
could not run on your computer.
 Without software, most computers would be useless.
 To accomplish any task, hardware must given a serious of instructions
called software.
 Software is a set of programs, which is designed to perform a well-
defined function.
 Program is a sequence of instructions written to solve a particular
problem.
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 We can classify software in two major parts

1) System Software
2) Application Software
System software
 It is software designed to provide a platform to other
software.
 It is a type of computer program that is designed to run a
computer's hardware and application programs
 It is collection of programs designed to operate, control, and
extend the processing capabilities of the computer itself.
 They are generally prepared by computer manufactures.
 It serves as the interface between hardware and the end
users.
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 Refers to programs designed to perform tasks associated with

directly controlling and utilizing computer hardware.
 It does not accomplish specific task to the user, such as creating
document or analyzing data.
 System software constitutes those programs, which increase the
facilities of the hardware system.
 Systems software was developed in order to automate the
following routine tasks:
 Allocation of various programs to main memory
 Loading of programs that perform routines to control peripheral
devices.
 Execution of programs.
 Systems Software Systems software has been categorized into
40 Operating Systems,
Fundamentals of Informationutility
System software and programming language.
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1. Operating Systems(OS) :
 Operating system is a collection of software that manages
computer hardware resources and provides common services
for computer programs.
 It is a vital component of the system software in a computer
system.
 The most important program that runs on a computer.
 Every general purpose computer must have an OS to run other
programs.
 It is a software which performs all the basic tasks like file
management, memory management, process management,
handling input and output, and controlling peripheral devices
such as disk drives and printers.
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 Following are some of important functions of an operating
System:
Memory Management
Processor Management
Device Management
File Management
Security
Control over system performance
Error detecting aids
Coordination between other software and users

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 Some example of OS:

Windows
Linux
Mac OS

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 For large systems, the operating system has even greater
responsibilities and powers.
 OS makes sure those different programs and users running at
the same time do not interfere with each other.
 OS is also responsible for security, ensuring that
unauthorized users do not access the system.
2. Utility programs:
 It is another category for system software generally used to
support, enhance, or expand existing programs in a computer
system.
 Many OS have utility programs built in for common
purposes.
 Additional utility programs are available separately.
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 Some of examples of the utility programs are the following:
 Backup software:
 it is a type of software which facilitate to a user to have a
recovery copy if his/her computer suddenly stop.
 Data recovery: it is used to restore data that has been
physically damaged or corrupted.
 Data can be damaged by viruses, bad software, and hardware
failure and power fluctuation.
 Virus protection: if there is an attack of computer viruses on
your computer system there may be a need to have antivirus
utility software.
 Data compression: remove redundant elements, gaps and
unnecessary data from the computer storage space so that you
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3. Programming Language:
 It is a formal language, which comprises a set of
instructions that produce various kinds of output.
 Most programming languages consist
of instructions for computers.
 It is the other subdivision of system software which is
normally used by the programmer to develop application
program.
 Some example of programming language:
C
 C++
 PHP
 Java etc…

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 Features of system software:
Close to system
Fast in speed
Difficult to design
Difficult to understand
Less interactive
Smaller in size
Difficult to manipulate

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Application software:
 It refers to those programs developed to meet particular user
requirements for specific application.
 The common application programs are.:
1. Word processing:
 It is a type of software which permits the user to create, edit, format, file
and print usually text documents.
 Example:
MS-Word,
WordPad.
2. Spreadsheet:
 It is an electronic tabular spreadsheet displayed on the VDU of the
computer.
 It provides the user the opportunity to create, edit, format, file, print,
calculate, and analyze data in tabular form.
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 Example
 MS-Excel
3. Database management:
 Serve to create computerized datable, to insert records, to make queries, to
analyze data, and append data.
 Example:
MS-Access
4. Graphics software:
 These are a type of application software which provides the user the
workspace to create, edit. Format image and graphical information.
 Example:
 AutoCAD
5. Presentation application software:
 Which provide the user to create edit and present presentations,
 Example:
MS-power point
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 Features of application software:
Close to user
Easy to design
More interactive
Slow in speed
Generally written in high-level language
Easy to understand
Easy to manipulate and use
Bigger in size and requires large storage space

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