Reading Passage 1

A Chronicle of Timekeeping
 Paragraph A
必背词汇 & 词组
1. according to 根据
同义词组： in accordance with
• 2. evidence n. 证明，证据 同义词： proof
There is no evidence to support this theory.
派：形容词 evident 明显的，明白的 同义词：
obvious 毫无疑问的 , 显然的； apparent 一望即知
的 , 明显的； clear 清清楚楚不会弄错的； plain 单
纯简明而易懂的
3. at least 至少 反义词： at most There
were at most twenty people in the classroom.
教室里最多不过 20 人。
4. coordinate vt. 调节，协调，配合
The agencies are working together to coordinate
policy on food safety.
派：名词 coordination coordinator 协调者
形容词 coordinative
5. communal activities 社区活动
6. in particular 特别，尤其
7. regulate vt. 管理 , 规定 ; 限制 , 管理 ; 整顿 ;
管制 = manage ， govern
派：名词 regulation 规则，规章 = rule
8. base on 基于，以…为基础
• 9. successive adj. 连续的，相继的 同义词
： continuous
• The team has had five successive victories.
球队已经取得 5 次连续的胜利。
• Successive governments have tried to deal
with this issue. 历届政府都试图解决这个问题
。
• 10. rotate vt.& vi. （使某物）旋转； 使转动； 使轮流，轮换
； 交替 名词： rotation
• revolve vt.& vi. 使旋转； 反复考虑； 使循环 名词：
revolution
• 同义词辨析：
• rotate ： 侧重指物体围绕自己的轴或中心旋转，即自转。
• revolve ： 强调指物体围绕本身以外的中心旋转，即公转。
• roll ： 指某物在平面上滚动或翻滚。
• spin ： 指沿内轴迅速而连续旋转，或沿外部一个点作快速圆周
运转。
• turn ： 普通用词，中性，含义不确切，可指作一个圆周运动或
连续地作圆周运动，也可指仅是沿圆的弧形转动。
• whirl ： 指旋转或作圆周运动，侧重急速或力量。
• circle ： 指作圆周运动。 orbit
11. orbit n. 轨道； vt.& vi. 在…轨道上运
行，环绕轨道运行
12. axis n. 轴，轴线
 考试词汇
1. archaeological adj. 考古学的 名词：
archaeology
2. advent n. 出现，到来 the advent of new
century 新世纪的到来
3. shipment n. 运输，运送
4. solar adj. 太阳的，太阳能的 solar
calendar
5. lunar adj. 月亮的，阴历的 lunar calendar
6. empire n. 帝国
长难句
1. According to archaeological evidence, at least 5,000
years ago and long before the advent of the Roman
Empire, the Babylonians began to measure time,
introducing calendars to co-ordinate communal
activities, to plan the shipment of goods and, in
particular to regulate planting and harvesting.
语法点：三个并列状语短语，分词短语作状语，三个并列目
的状语
参考译文：有考古证明表明，至少 5000 年前，早在罗马帝
国尚未出现之时，巴比伦人就开始测量时间，他们引进
日历来统筹公共活动，计划货物装运，特别是管控作物
种植和收割。
2. They based their calendars on three natural cycles:
the solar day, marked by the successive periods of
light and darkness as the earth rotates on its axis; the
lunar month, following the phases of the moon as it
orbits the earth; and the solar year, defined by the
changing seasons that accompany our planet’s
revolution around the sun.
• 语法点：时间状语从句 + 定语从句
 Paragraph B
• 必背词汇 & 词组
1. Artificial adj. 人工的，人造的
• The new dam will form a large artificial lake behind
it. 新筑的水坝将会在后面形成一个人工湖。
2. invention n. f 发明，发明物
动词： invent 名词： inventor
3. impact n./ v. 影响，作用；冲击，碰撞 同义词：
influence （ n/v. ）， effect （ n. ）， affect （ v. ）
• The computer had made a great impact on modern
life. 计算机对现代生活产生了巨大的影响
• 4. hence 因此 同义词： therefore ， thus
， as a result
5. influence n. 影响 ( 力 ) ；势力，权势 vt. 影
响
6. crucial adj. 决定性的，关键的 同义词
： important ， essential ， critical
• Parents play a crucial role in preparing
their child for school. 父母在准备孩子上学
一事上起着重要的作用。
7. seasonal agriculture 季节性农业
8. practice = practise n. 练习； 实践 vt.
实行，实践
• Practice is the only way to learn a language
well. 学好一门语言的惟一途径就是实践。
9. chart n. 图表 同义词： graph
10. organise = organize vt. 组织 , 安排 ,
筹办 名词： organization
• 组织活动： organize activities
11. expand v. 扩大，扩张，扩展；膨胀
同义词： extend (extension) 名词：
expansion
 考试词汇
• equator n. 赤道
• wax and wane （月的）盈亏圆缺
• conspicuous adj. 显眼的，明显的 同
义词： obvious ， apparent
• latitude n. 纬度 高度，海拔：
altitude 经度： longitude
• clime n. 气候 = climate
 长难句
1. And for those living near the equator in
particular, its waxing and waning was more
conspicuous than the passing of the seasons
living near the equator 为现在分词短语作
those 的后置定语。可转换为定语从句“ those
who lived near the equator”
than: 引导比较状语从句
参考译文：尤其对于赤道附近的居民而言，月圆月
缺比季节更替更加明显。
2. As the Roman Empire expanded
northward, it orgranised its activity
chart for the most part around the
solar year.
语法点：时间状语从句
参考译文：随着罗马帝国向北扩张，它的活
动图表通常都是根据回归年而编排的。
 Paragraph C
• 必背词汇 & 词组
1. municipal adj. 市政的 , 市的 municipal
government
• 2. approximate v. 近似，接近 同义词：
approximate to = be close to
• This figure approximates to a quarter of the UK’s
annual consumption. 这个数字接近英国年度消费额
的四分之一。
• adj. 近似的 , 大约的
• The approximate cost varies from around £150
to £250. 费用大概介于 150 至 250 英镑之间
• adv. Approximately = about
3. annual adj. 每年的 , 年度的 an ~
income 年收入
4. span n. 时期 , 跨度 , 间距 vt. 延续 ,
横跨 , 贯穿 , 遍及 , 弥补
5. the ~ of life 人的一生 = lifespan 寿
命 = life circle the ~ of a bridge
桥的全长
His professional career spanned 16 years.
他的职业生涯持续了 16 年。
Many bridges span the Thames. 很多桥横
亘在泰晤士河上。
6. divide into 同义词 separate into 分成
• *The river is divided into two streams at this point ．
大河这里分成两条支流。
• *The teacher divided the class into five groups ．老
师把班上同学分为 5 组。
7. temporal adj. 暂时的 , 一时的
8. vary vi. 变化； 不同，偏离 vt. 使不同； 使多样化
同义词： change, transform, alter, modify
• As they're handmade, each one varies slightly. 由于
它们是手工制作的，彼此都会有些微小的差异。
• 派：名词： variation n. 变化，变动；变体 variety
n. 品种，种类；变化，多样化
• 形容词： various adj. 各种各样的 = a variety of
= all kinds of
9. equal adj. 相等的 , 平等的 名词：
equality
• 人人平等， 平等权利 equal rights
10. adopt v. 采用 , 收养 , 接受 名词：
adoption
• 采取措施
11. disseminate vt. 散布，传播 名词：
dissemination
• We should disseminate science and
promote the scientific spirit. 普及科学知识
，弘扬科学精神。
• 传播信息
 考试词汇
• formulate v. 用公式表示 , 系统地阐述 ,
规划 , 制订 同义词： devise ， plan
• cosmic adj. 宇宙的 , 广大无边的 , 无限的
• interval n. 间隔，间距
• duration n. 持续时间 , 期间
• spring and autumn equinoxes 春分，秋
分
 长难句
1. At the rise of the star Sirius just before
sunrise, which occurred around the all-
important annual flooding of the Nile, 12
decans could be seen spanning the heavens.
划线部分为非限制定语从句，修饰前面的内容，
即“ the rise of the star Sirius just before
sunrise” 这么一个现象。
参考译文：在每年极其重要的尼罗河泛洪前后，
天狼星刚好在日出之前升起，此时可以看见
12 道德坎横跨天空。
2. The cosmic significance the Egyptians
placed in the 12 decans led them to
develop a system in which each interval of
darkness (and later, each interval of
daylight) was divided into a dozen equal
parts.
有两个定语从句。 which 指代 system
短语： place significance in sth.
参考 译文：埃及人赋予 12 个德坎的宇宙意义
使他们形成一种新的系统，他们将每个黑夜
区间（之后又将一个白昼区间）分成 12 等份
。
3. These periods became known as
temporal hours because their duration
varied according to the changing length
of days and nights with the passing of
the seasons.
语法点：原因状语从句
参考译文：这些时段被称为日光时，因为它
的持续时间随着季节更替引起的昼夜长度
变化而变化。
4. Temporal hours, which were first adopted
by the Greeks and then the Romans, who
disseminated them through Europe,
remained in use for more than 2,500 years.
语法点：两个定语从句。 Which 引导的从句修
饰 temporal hours ， who 引导的从句修饰
the Romans 。句子的主干是 Temporal hours
remained in use for more than 2,500 years.
参考译文：日光时最早被希腊人采用，然后由罗
马人采用并传到欧洲，一直使用了 2500 多年
。
 Paragraph D
1. track n. 轨道 , 跑道 , 踪迹 , 小路 , 乐曲
v. 追踪 , 跟踪
• The dog followed the fox's tracks into the woods.  
• 那只狗沿着狐狸的足迹跑进了树林。
• The hunter ~ed the lion to its lair.
• 猎人追踪狮子到它的巢穴。
2. indicate vt. 标示，指示，指出；表明，示意
• Research indicates that men find it easier to give up
smoking than women.  
• 研究表明，男人比女人更容易戒烟。
• The arrow ~s where we are. 箭头表示我们现在所在之处。
派： indicator indication
3. counterpart n. 职务相当的人 , 对应物 , 相似之
物 , 副本
• Night is the counterpart of day.  
• 黑夜与白天相辅相成。
• Your right hand is the ~ of your left hand.
• 你的右手是你左手的相对物
4. satisfactorily adv. 满意地 , 圆满地
派： satisfy(vt.) satisfaction(n.)
satisfactory(adj.)
satisfy one's curiosity 满足某人的好奇心
反义词： unsatisfactorily
5. freezing adj. 冰冻的 , 严寒的 , 冷冻用的
派： freeze(v./n.)
6. depend on v. 依赖 , 依靠 , 取决于 , 随 ... 而定
= rely on
All living things depend on the sun for their growth. 万物
靠太阳生长。
派： dependent(adj.) 依赖的 independent(adj.) 独立的
dependency(n.) 依赖，依靠
7. surface n. 表面 , 外表 , 平面
• Beneath her self-confident surface, she's quite unsure
of herself.  
• 她看上去信心十足，实际上很缺乏信心。
• The surface of the lake is quite still.  
• 湖面相当平静。
8. device n. 装置，设备，器械；手段，策略
同义词： instrument, tool, equipment
• The device will be in production by the
end of the year.  
• 该装置将於年底投入生产。
9. perform v. 执行 , 履行 , 表演 , 运转 , 举
行
派： performance （ n. ）
同义词： accomplish, carry out, achieve
 考试词汇
• sundial n. 日昝仪
• basin n. 脸盆 , 盆地 , 流域 , 水池
• dip vt. 浸，蘸 vi. 落下，下降
• dip below the hour lines 下降至小时刻度线以下
• drip out 滴出
• denote vt. 表示 , 象征
• A smile often denotes pleasure and friendship.  
• 微笑常常表示高兴和友善。
• inscribe vt. 书写 , 雕刻 ; 使 < 话、事件等 > 深刻于 , 使
铭刻于 [ 心中、记忆里 ] [in, on]
• His mother's words were ~d in [on] his memory.
• 她母亲的话他时刻铭记在心。
 长难句
1. In order to track temporal hours
during the day, inventors created
sundials, which indicate time by the
length or direction of the sun’s shadow.
Which 引导的定语从句修饰 sundials 。
参考译文：为了在白天记录日光时，发明家
们创造了日晷，用太阳阴影的长度和方向
来指示时间。
2. The falling water level denoted the
passing hour as it dipped below hour
lines inscribed on the inner surface.
As 引导的是时间状语从句，相当于
when ， inscribed on the inner surface
为分词短语作后置定语，修饰 hour lines
，可转换为定语从句， hour lines
which/that were inscribed on the inner
surface.
参考译文：随着水降至盆子内表面刻着的小
时刻度线以下，水位降低的刻度就表示流
逝的时间长度。
3. Although these devices performed
satisfactorily around the
Mediterranean, they could not always
be depended on in the cloudy and often
freezing weather of northern Europe.
Although 引导的为让步状语从句。
参考译文：尽管这些装置在地中海地区十分
好用，但在多云并常有严寒天气的欧洲北
部却不能一直使用。
 Paragraph E
• 必背词汇 & 词组
1. adjust vt. 校正 , 校准 , 调整；调节 vi.(to) 适应
• Over the years, we all learned to adjust, to become more
comfortable with each other, and to adapt to our new family
arrangement.  
• 年复一年，我们都学会了调整自己，学会了彼此宽容，学会了适应我们
新的家庭规则。
2. maintain vt. 维持 , 维修 , 保养 , 坚持 , 断言
同义词： keep, remain
3. arise vi. 出现 , 升起 , 上升 , 发生 , 起来
4. evolve v.( 使 ) 演变， ( 使 ) 进化， ( 使 ) 发展 派： evolution(n.) 进化
论
• Many Victorians were shocked by the notion that Man had evolved
from lower forms of life.  
• 在维多利亚时代，许多人对于人是由低级生物进化而来的见解大为震惊
。
5. eventually adv. 最后 , 终于
同义词： finally, ultimately
6. split v. 分裂；撕裂；分担 n. 裂口；分裂
split…into… = divide…into…
7. commence v. 开始 , 着手
同义词： begin, start
I commence from this point.
我从此点开始。
The second term commences in March.
第二学期自三月开始。
 考试词汇
• scheme n. 计划，方案；阴谋 v. 密谋，策划
同义词： plan
• sunset n. 日落
• sunrise n. 日出
• astronomical adj. 天文学的；庞大的
• 派： astronomy ( 天文学 ), astronaut( 宇航
员)
• supersede vt. 取代 , 接替 , 废弃
• 同义词： replace ， displace
 长难句
1. With these, however, arose the question
of when to begin counting, and so, in the
early 14th century, a number of systems
evolved.
划线部分为全部倒装句。
参考译文：由此引发了一个问题，即计时该从
何时开始；于是 14 世纪初，许多新型计时
系统逐渐形成。
2. Eventually these were superseded by
“small clock”, or French, hours, which
split the day into 12-hour periods
commencing at midnight.
参考译文：最终，这些计时方法被”小钟”
时间，即法国时间所取代，它将一天分成
两个 12 小时时段，从午夜开始算起。
Paragraph F
1. mechanical adj. 机械的 , 力学的
派： mechanics 机械学，力学
2. revolutionary adj. 革命的
派： revolution n. 革命
3. aspect n. 方面 , 方位 , 外观；外貌
• the various ~s of life 人生的百态
• approach a problem from a different ~
• 从另一面探讨问题
• 4. motive n. 动机 , 目的 , 主题
• adj. 发动的 , 运动的 , 动机的
• 【同义字】
• motive 促使人展开行动的内在冲动
• incentive 促使人更加努力或行动的刺激
• inducement 使人采取行动的外来诱因 , 多指金钱
5. transfer v. 转移 , 调任 , 转乘
同义词： change ， shift
• The baby transferred its affection to its
new mother.
• 那婴儿把感情移到新母亲身上
6. constant adj. 不变的 , 经常的
• at a ~ temperature [speed]
• 以一定的温度 [ 速度 ]
7. tension n. 紧张 , 拉力 , 张力
派： tense a. 紧张的；绷紧的
8. devise vt. 设计 , 发明
同义词： design ， invent
9. efficient a. 效率高的，有能力的
派： efficiency n. 效率，功率
反义词： inefficient 同义词： effective
The heating system has recently been
modified to make it more efficient.
暖气设备最近已进行了改造，使其效率得到
提高。
 考试词汇
• descend v. 下降 , 降临
• 同义词： decline ， fall
• 反义词： ascend ， rise
• coil n. 卷 , 圈 , 线圈 v. 盘绕 , 卷成圈
• spring 弹簧
• coiled spring 螺旋弹簧
• Pendulum clock 摆钟
 长难句
1. The revolutionary aspect of this new
timekeeper was neither the descending
weight that provided its motive force
nor the gear wheels (which had been
around for at least 1300 years) that
transferred the power.
2. In the early 1400s came the invention of the
coiled spring or fusee which maintained
constant force to the gear wheels of the
timekeeper despite the changing tension of its
mainspring.
划线部分为倒装句，地点时间类介词短语位于句首且
后又不及物动词 be, come, sit, live, stand, lie,
exist 等，常用全部倒装。
On the ground lay an old man, who was dying. 地
上躺着一位老人，奄奄一息。
参考译文： 15 世纪初人们创造出了螺旋弹簧，也被
称为军力圆锥轮，尽管主发条承受着不断变化的张
力，但该装置仍能为钟表齿轮提供恒力。
Paragraph G
1. address n. 住址 , 网址 , 电子邮箱地址 , 称呼 , 致词 , 讲
话 , 演讲 , 谈吐
• v. 称呼 , 发表演说 , 提出 , 写地址 , 处理
Address the problems 处理问题
2. variation n. 变种 , 变奏曲 , 变动 , 变化
同义词： change ， modification
3. release vt./n. 释 ( 排 ) 放；解脱；放开；发布 ( 行 )
Release the pressure
Relieve the pressure
4. precise a. 精确的，准确的；严谨的
同义词： correct ， accurate
派： precision （ n. ）
5. permit n. 许可证 , 执照 v. 允许 , 许可
派： permission （ n. ）
同义词： allow
6. moreover adv. 此外 , 而且
同义词： furthermore ， what’s
more ， also
考试词汇
• anchor n. 锚 v. 抛锚 , 停泊 ;( 使 ) 固定
• floor-standing 落地式的
长难句
1. The motion of a pendulum rocks this
device so that it catches and then
releases each tooth of these escape
wheel, in turn allowing it to turn a
precise amount.
参考译文：钟摆的动作对该设备产生振动，以
使它抓紧而后释放擒纵机构棘轮装置的每
一个齿，从而使得齿轮精确地旋转。
2. Moreover, this invention allowed the use of a
long pendulum which could beat once a second
and thus led to the development of a new
floor-standing case design, which became
known as the grandfather clock.
第一个 which 引导的定语从句修饰 a long pendulum
，第二个 which 引导的非限制定语从句修饰 a
new floor-standing case design 。
参考译文：此外，这一发明使得摆钟中可以使用长
摆，一秒钟摆动一下，从而引发了新型落地柜式
造型的开发，也就是落地摆钟。
Paragraph H
1. accurate adj. 准确的 , 精确的
同义词： correct ， precise
反义词： inaccurate
派生词： accuracy （ n. ）
• We might have a free press, but that doesn't mean all
reporting is true and accurate.  
• 我们即使有新闻自由，也并不意味著一切报道都真实可信、
准确无误。
2. instrument n. 仪器 , 乐器 , 工具 , 器械
musical instrument
3. operation n. 操作 , 运转 , 经营 , 行动
派： operate(v.)
operational adj. 操作的 , 运作的 , 可用的 ,
4. crystal n. 水晶 , 结晶体 adj. 透明的 , 晶体的
a quartz-crystal clock 石英钟
5. integral adj. 完整的 , 构成整体所必需的
• The kitchen is an integral part of a house.  
• 厨房是房子不可缺的部分。
6. not only…but also… 不仅…而且…
7. recognize vt. 认出；确认，认可；赏识
派： recognization n. recognizable adj.
考试词汇
• beam n. 束；梁；笑容 vi. 面露喜色 vt. 播送
• Global Positioning System satellite GPS 卫星
（全球定位系统卫星）
• calibrate vt. 校准 派： calibration
• navigation n. 导航 , 航行 , 航海
• 派： navigate vt. 航行 , 驾驶 , 横渡 , 设法穿过
• instant stock-trading system 即时股票交易系统
• nationwide power-distribution grid 全国电力分
配图
长难句
1. Moreover, not only do time signals beamed
down from Global Positioning System
satellites calibrate the functions of precision
navigation equipment, they do so as well for
mobile phones, instant stock-trading systems
and nationwide power-distribution grids.
not only 位于开头，为部分倒装。
参考译文：此外，从全球定位系统卫星发射的时间信
号不仅校准精密导航设备的功能，还被用于移动
电话、即时股票交易系统和全国电力分配网。
2. So integral have these time-based
technologies become to day-to-day
existence that our dependency on them
is recognised only when they fail to work.
 题目解析
• 第 1-8 题为 matching
• 第 9-13 题为图形题
语法点解析—时间状语从句
• 引导时间状语从句的连词有： when, as, while, until, not…until,
before, after, since, the minute, the moment, each( every, next,
the first) time 等。时间状语从句中一般用一般现在时或一般过去
时。
1. When , while, as 都可解释为“当 ``` 的时候”但侧重点有所不同。
1 ） When
• Eg: When I arrived home , I had a little rest.
• 注意点：
• when 从句的主语与主句主语相同，谓语动词是 be 动词时，从句主
语和 be 可以省略。
• Eg: When (she was) walking along the street,
• she met her class teacher.
2 ） As
• As 除了表示“当 ``` 的时候”，还可表示为“一面 ``` 一
面”，“随着”
• Eg: He sang as he danced.( 一面 ``` 一面 )
• You will grow wiser as you grow older.( 随着 )
3 ） While 表示“当 ``` 的时候”强调主句的动作和从句的动作
同时发生，从句一般用进行时，从句动词必须是延续性动词。
• Eg: While we were working, they were having a rest.
• While (they were) having a discussion, they got very
confused.
• 注意点：
• while 有对比的含义，解释为“然而”。
• eg: I prefer black tee, while he likes coffee.
2. until, not…until 表示“直到 ``` 才” , 在肯定句
中主句常用延续性动词；在否定句中主句常用短暂
性动词。
• 肯定句： I waited until midnight.
• 否定句： I did not leave until midnight.
• 注意点：
1 ） not until… 在句首，主句用倒装
• eg: Not until you had explained how did I
manage to do it.
2) It is not until…that… 引导的强调句
• It was not until it was dark that he came back.
3. the minute, the moment, each time 都
可表示“一 ``` 就 ```”
• eg: The worker recognized the type of
the machine the moment he saw it.
• 注意点：
• the minute, the moment, each ( every,
next, the first) time 作连词不和 when
连用。
• 4 ． Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than, as
soon as 表示为“一 ``` 就 ```”
• eg: I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began
to rain.
• I had no sooner got home than it began to rain.
• It began to rain as soon as I got home.
• 注意点： Hardly/scarcely…when, no sooner…than
位于句首，主句用倒装
• eg: Had I hardly/scarcely got home when it
began to rain.
• No sooner had I got home than it began to rain.
1.The party was wonderful. It’s years____ I enjoyed myself so
much. 
   A. after   B. before    C. when   D. since
2.Mother was worried because little Alice was ill, especially
____Father was away in France.  
   A. as    B. that    C. during    D. if
3.She thought I was talking about her daughter,____, in fact, I was
talking about my daughter.
  A. whom    B. where    C. which    D. while
4.Why do you want a new job ____ you’ve got such a good one
already?       A. that    B. where   C. which    D. when
5.Someone called me up in the middle of the night, but they hung
up____ I could answer the phone. 
A. when   B. before   C. as     D. until
6. We were told that we should follow the main road ___ we
reached the central railway station.
    A. whenever    B. until    C. while    D. wherever
7.   ______ the day went on, the weather got worse.    
A. With    B. As    C. While   D. Since
语法点解析—比较状语从
句
• 引导比较状语从句的连词有： as…as, than, not so…as,
the more…the more 等
• 如：
• He speaks English as fluently as his brother (does)
• I can’t jump so /as high as he (does)
• There are more workers in this factory than in the
one next to it .
• The more you read, the more interesting , you will find
the novel is .
• 连接词 than 可作为关系代词用。　　如：
• He wrote more than was necessary
• Don’t carry more money than is needed
语法点解析—原因状语从
句
引导原因状语从句的连词有： because, since, as , now
that ,considering that, for the reason that , due
to the fact that,owing to the fact that 等
1 ． because
because 语气最强，通常用于回答 why 提出的问题
注意点：
在 it was…that… 的强调结构中，强调原因状语从句可
用 because 引导，不用 since,as, for 引导。
Eg: It is because she is too inexperienced that she
does not know how to deal with the situation.
2. since 和 as
since 的语气比 because 弱，比 as 强，表示
间接的，已知的原因，自然的结果，表
示“既然，由于”。
Eg: As/ Since you are not very well, you
had better have a rest.
3 ． for
当 for 表示原因关系时， for 分句是对第一
分句内容的推断或猜测。
Eg: It must have rained last night, for the
ground is wet now.
语法点解析—让步状语从句
• 引导让步状语从句的连词有： though, although, even if/
though, however, no matter how, no matter what, no matter
who 等。
1. though, although 不可与 but 连用，但可以和 yet , still 连用 .
• Eg: Though/Although it is raining ,they are still running
outside.
• 注意点：
1 ） though 可引导倒装 (although 不引导倒装 ) ，结构为：
• 强调对象 +as/though+ 主语 + 其它成分，强调对象可为表语（
名词、形容词）或状语（副词），表语为名词时，前面不用冠词
。
• Child as/ though he was, he knew what was the right thing to
do.
• Tired as he is, he goes on with his work.
2 ） despite 和 in spite of 也有让步意义，后接名词或
动词，而 though, although 是连词，后接从句。
• Eg: Despite /In spite of wanting to see him again, she
refused to reply to his letter.
• Though/although she wanted to see him again, she
refused to reply to his letter.
2. “no matter+ 疑问词”或“疑问词 + 后缀 ever”
• eg: No matter what happened, he would not mind.
• Whatever happened, he would not mind.
• 注意点： no matter+ 疑问词不能引导名词性从句
3. even if/ though 表示“即使”
• eg: He doesn’t want to marry her even if/ though he
loves her very much.
 句
• 引导原因状语从句的连词有： because, since, as , now
that ,considering that, for the reason that , due to
the fact that,owing to the fact that 等
• 1 ． because
• because 语气最强，通常用于回答 why 提出的问题
• 注意点：
• 在 it was…that… 的强调结构中，强调原因状语从句可用
because 引导，不用 since,as, for 引导。
• Eg: It is because she is too inexperienced that she
does not know how to deal with the situation.
• 2. since 和 as
• since 的语气比 because 弱，比 as 强，表
示间接的，已知的原因，自然的结果，表
示“既然，由于”。
• Eg: As/ Since you are not very well, you
had better have a rest.
• 3 ． for
• 当 for 表示原因关系时， for 分句是对第一
分句内容的推断或猜测。
• Eg: It must have rained last night, for
the ground is wet now.
语法点解析—条件状语从句
• 条件状语从句分为两大类：真实条件句和虚拟
条件句。引导条件状语从句的连词有： if,
even if/though, unless/ if …not, as long as/
so long as, as far as/so far as,
provided/providing (that), on condition
that 等。条件状语从句中如果主句是将来时
，条件状语从句用一般现在时。
• unless 和 if…not
• unless 相当于 if…not
• eg: You will fail unless you study hard.
• You will not fail if you study hard.
• 注意点：
• 在虚拟条件句中可用 if…not ，但不能用
unless
• eg: If she were not too silly,she would
understand.
• 2 ． 引导条件状语从句的其它连词：
• Eg: You may go there ,as long as you keep
quite.
• Eg: I shall give you the book on condition
that you return it tomorrow.
• Eg: I will go provided that you go too.
语法点解析—目的状语从
句
• 引导目的状语从句的连词有： so that, in order that,
lest, in case, for fear that 等。
• Eg: You must speak louder so that/in order that you
can be heard by all.
• He wrote the name down for fear that he should
forget it.
• Better take more clothes in case the weather is cold.
• 注意点： lest, in case, for fear that 所引导的状语从句中
，动词可以用虚拟语气，形式为 should+ 动词原形，也可
不用虚拟语气，用动词的一般现在时或一般过去时。
• Eg: You had better leave the key at home in case one
of us should think of/thinks of coming back.
 句
• 引导结果状语从句的连词有： so that, so…that,
such…that 等
• eg: He is so young that he can not go to school.
• He is such a young boy that he can not go to
school.
• 1 ．常用句型：
• so+ 形容词 / 副词 +that 从句
• so+ 形容词 +a/an+ 单数可数名词 +that 从句
• such +a/an+ 形容词 + 单数可数名词 +that 从句
• such + 形容词 + 复数可数名词 / 不可数名词 +that
从句
2. so 和 such 的搭配规律
• such 修饰名词或名词词组， so 修饰形容词或副
词 ,so 还可接 many, few, much, little 等。
• Eg: so foolish such a fool
• so nice a flower such a nice flower
• so many/few flowers such nice flowers
• so much/little money such rapid progress
• so many people such a lot of people
 练习
• 1. We’ll have to finish the job, _______.   
•      A. long it takes however     B. it takes however long
•      C. long however it takes     D. however long it takes
• 2. --- Did you remember to give Mary the money you owed (
欠 ) her?
•    ---Yes. I gave it to her ____ I saw her.  
•      A. while   B. the moment   C. suddenly   D. once
• 3. ---How far apart do they live?
•    ---____ I know, they live in the same neighbourhood ( 居民
区 ).  
•      A. As long as   B. As far as   C. As well as   D. As often as
• 4. _______ I really don’t like art, I find his work impressive.
•    A. Since      B. As     C. If      D. While
• 5. I’d like to study law at university ______my cousin prefers
geography.
•    A. though   B. as    C. while      D. for
• 6. I do every single bit of housework ____ my husband Bob just
does the dishes now and then.   
•     A. since    B. while    C. when    D. as
• 7. It was evening ____ we reached the little town of Winchester.
•     A. that    B. until    C. since    D. before
• 8. --- Did Jack come back early last night?
•    --- Yes. It was not yet eight o’clock ______ he arrived home. 
•    A. before      B. when      C. that      D. until
• 9. Scientists say it may be five or six years ___ it is possible to
test this medicine on human  patients. 
•     A. since     B. after    C. before    D. when
• 10. A dozen ideas were considered _____ the chief architect ( 建
筑师 ) decided on the design ( 图纸 ) of the building. 
•    A. because     B. before      C. whether      D. unless