Chương 1.

Tổng quan về hệ thống thông tin vệ tinh

10/04/22 1
Tổng quan về hệ thống thông tin vệ tinh
 Kỹ thuật thông tin vệ tinh: 60 năm (ý tưởng: Arthur C. Clarke
1945).
 Cung cấp nhiều dịch vụ: Dịch vụ băng rộng, mạng truyền thoại/dữ
liệu, đường biển, quân đội….

10/04/22 2
 Thông tin vệ tinh là gì?
• Satellite is a repeater in the sky.
• Receives uplink frequencies and translates to downlink frequencies and transmits
back to the earth station after amplification
• The translation is done to avoid the feed back. Trying to receive and transmit an
amplified version of the same uplink waveform at the same satellite will cause
unwanted feedback, or ring around, from the downlink antenna back into the receiver

Why Satellites remain in Orbits

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 How do Satellites Work
 Two Stations on Earth want to communicate through radio broadcast but are too
far away to use conventional means.
 The two stations can use a satellite as a relay station for their communication
 One Earth Station sends a transmission to the satellite. This is called a Uplink.
 The satellite Transponder converts the signal and sends it down to the second
earth station. This is called a Downlink.

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 Advantages of Satellite Communications
 Can reach over large geographical area
 Flexible (if transparent transponders)
 Easy to install new circuits
 Circuit costs independent of distance
 Broadcast possibilities
 Temporary applications (restoration)
 Mobile applications (especially "fill-in")
 Terrestrial network
 Provision of service to remote or underdeveloped areas
 User has control over own network
 1-for-N multipoint standby possibilities
 Transmission cost of a satellite is independent of the distance from the center
of the coverage area.
 Satellite to Satellite communication is very precise.
 Higher Bandwidths are available for use.

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 Disadvantages of Satellites
 Large up front capital costs (space segment and launch): Launching
satellites into orbit is costly
 Terrestrial break even distance expanding (now approx. size of Europe)
 Interference and propagation delay
 Congestion of frequencies and orbits
 Satellite bandwidth is gradually becoming used up.

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 What is a communications satellite and how does it
work?
A communications satellite is a radio relay station in orbit above the earth that
receives, amplifies, and redirects analog and digital signals carried on a specific
radio frequency.

The satellite acts as a media for the data transfer between the source and
destination.
Between the source and destination we use a pair of frequencies to
communicate.
The Satellite acts as a frequency translator and amplifier.

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Các vấn đề chung của thông tin vệ tinh
Phân chia băng tần sóng cực nói chung
Tham khảo thêm:
http://www.rfd.gov.vn/tin-tuc/pages/the-gioi-vo-tuyen.aspx?ItemID=597
Các vấn đề chung của thông tin vệ tinh
Băng tần làm việc chủ yếu

- Băng C (4-8 GHz: 4/6GHz)

- Băng Ex.C-Band (6.725-7.025; 4.500-4.800)
- Băng Ku (12-18 GHz)
- Băng Ka (26.5- 40 GHz)
 Satellites Uplink And Downlink Frequency in Different Bands

FREQUENCY BAND UPLINK (GHz) DOWNLINK (GHz)

C-Band 5.925-6.425 3.700-4.200

Ex.C-Band 6.725-7.025 4.500-4.800

Ku-Band 14.00-14.50 10.95-12.75

Ka-Band 30.00 20.00

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Advantages And Disadvantages of Different Frequency Band

C-Band
Adv. : Broad Footprint, ít bị ảnh hưởng do mưa, dễ chế tạo
Disadv. : Weak signals, interference, large antenna sizes and amplifiers

Ex C-Band
Adv.. : Broad Footprint, little rain fade, less interference
Disadv. : Week signals, large antenna sizes and amplifiers

Ku-Band
Adv. : Focused Foot prints, no terrestrial interference, small antenna and amplifier
Disadv. : Interference to rain.

Ka-Band
Adv. : Focused Foot prints, large unused bandwidths
Disadv. : Interference to rain.

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 Different kinds of satellites use different frequency bands.
 L–Band: 1 to 2 GHz, used by MSS
 S-Band: 2 to 4 GHz, used by MSS, NASA, deep space research
 C-Band: 4 to 8 GHz, used by FSS
 X-Band: 8 to 12.5 GHz, used by FSS and in terrestrial imaging, ex: military
and meteorological satellites
 Ku-Band: 12.5 to 18 GHz: used by FSS and BSS (DBS)
 K-Band: 18 to 26.5 GHz: used by FSS and BSS
 Ka-Band: 26.5 to 40 GHz: used by FSS

 Service Types
 Fixed Service Satellites (FSS)
• Example: Point to Point Communication

 Broadcast Service Satellites (BSS)

• Example: Satellite Television/Radio

• Also called Direct Broadcast Service (DBS).

 Mobile Service Satellites (MSS)

• Example: Satellite Phones
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Các vấn đề chung của thông tin vệ tinh

Quỹ đạo vệ tinh

- Phân loại dựa vào quỹ đạo của vệ tinh
 Vệ tinh địa tĩnh GEO
 Vệ tinh không địa tĩnh
Quỹ đạo trung bình MEO
Quỹ đạo thấp LEO
Quỹ đạo cao HEO
 GEO: Quỹ đạo địa tĩnh : 35786 km
 LEO (Low Earth Orbit): 500 - 1500 km
 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) hay ICO (Intermediate
Circular Orbit): 6000 - 20000 km
 HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit) các quỹ đạo elip

GEO (Inmarsat)

HEO MEO (ICO)

LEO inner and outer Van

(Globalstar, Allen belts
Irdium)

earth

1000
10000

35768
km
 Vệ tinh địa tĩnh GEO
 Các vệ tinh nằm ở độ cao: 35 786 km so với bề mặt trái đất
và nằm trên mặt phẳng xích đạo (độ nghiêng: 0°)
 Vệ tinh quay cùng với chiều quay của trái đất
 Vị trí anten cố định, không cần điều chỉnh
 Vệ tinh vùng phủ sóng rộng (phủ tới 34% bề mặt trái đất!),
do đó khó tái sử dụng tần số.
 Cần công suất phát lớn
 Trễ lớn (khoảng 275 ms)
 Vệ tinh quỹ đạo thấp LEO

 Quỹ đạo cao: 500 - 1500 km so với bề mặt trái đất

 Có khả năng bao phủ radio toàn cầu
 Trễ: 5 - 10 ms
 Footprints nhỏ, tái sử dụng tần số tốt
 Hệ thống phức tạp
 Vệ tinh quỹ đao trung bình MEO
 Độ cao: 5000 - 12000 km
 Các vệ tinh di chuyển chậm hơn

 Cần ít vệ tinh hơn

 Thiết kế hệ thống đơn giản hơn

 Trễ cao: 70 - 80 ms

 Yêu cầu công suất cao

 Quỹ đạo tuân theo

các định luật Kepler
 Các dạng quỹ đạo
plane of satellite orbit
Quỹ đạo nghiêng
Quỹ đạo cực

satellite orbit
Quỹ đạo Trái đất perigee
xích đạo


inclination 

equatorial plane
 Độ nghiêng(Inclination):
 Góc giữa mặt phẳng quỹ đạo và mặt phẳng xích đạo
 Góc ngẩng (Elevation):
 Góc hợp bởi đường nối vệ tinh và mặt phẳng nằm ngang
 Góc phương vị (azimuth):
 Góc hợp bởi hình chiếu của vệ tinh trên mặt phẳng nằm ngang và đường hướng lên cực
bắc trái đất.
  Góc ngẩng (Elevation):
Góc ngẩng(Elevation):
góc  góc giữa tâm của chùm sóng và bề mặt

Góc ngẩng nhỏ nhất:

Góc ngẩng tối thiểu để thông tin 
với vệ tinh t
t pr in
foo
Communication Satellite

 A Communication Satellite can be looked upon as a large microwave

repeater
 It contains several transponders which listens to some portion of spectrum,
amplifies the incoming signal and broadcasts it in another frequency to
avoid interference with incoming signals.
Motivation to use Satellites

 Satellites can relay signals over a long distance

 Geostationary Satellites (GEO)
 Remain above the equator at a height of about 22300 miles
(geosynchronous orbits) (35786 km)
 Travel around the earth in exactly the same time, the earth takes to
10/04/22 rotate 21
 Catalogues: Geostationary and non - Geostationar
 GEO: (Geostationary Orbit): 35786 km
 Non-GEO:
 LEO (Low Earth Orbit): 500 - 1500 km
 MEO (Medium Earth Orbit) or ICO (Intermediate Circular Orbit): 6000 - 20000 km
 HEO (Highly Elliptical Orbit)

GEO (Inmarsat)

HEO MEO (ICO)

LEO inner and outer Van

(Globalstar, Allen belts
Irdium)
earth

1000
10000

35768
km
 Factors in satellite communication
 Elevation Angle: The angle of the horizontal of the earth surface to the center
line of the satellite transmission beam.
 This effects the satellites coverage area. Ideally, you want a elevation
angle of 0 degrees, so the transmission beam reaches the horizon visible
to the satellite in all directions.
 However, because of environmental factors like objects blocking the
transmission, atmospheric attenuation, and the earth electrical background
noise, there is a minimum elevation angle of earth stations.

 Coverage Angle: A measure of the portion of the earth surface visible to a

satellite taking the minimum elevation angle into account.
 R/(R+h) = sin(π/2 - β - θ)/sin(θ + π/2)
= cos(β + θ)/cos(θ)
R = 6370 km (earth’s radius)
h = satellite orbit height
β = coverage angle
θ = minimum elevation angle
10/04/22 23
10/04/22 24
 Factors in satellite communication (cont.)
 Other impairments to satellite communication:
 The distance between an earth station and a satellite (free space loss).
 Satellite Footprint: The satellite transmission’s strength is strongest in the
center of the transmission, and decreases farther from the center as free
space loss increases.
 Atmospheric Attenuation caused by air and water can impair the
transmission. It is particularly bad during rain and fog.

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 Satellite History Calendar
• 1957
– October 4, 1957: - First satellite - the Russian Sputnik 01
– First living creature in space: Sputnik 02
• 1958
– First American satellite: Explorer 01
– First telecommunication satellite: This satellite broadcast a taped message: Score
• 1959
– First meteorology satellite: Explorer 07

• 1960
– First successful passive satellite: Echo 1
– First successful active satellite: Courier 1B
– First NASA satellite: Explorer 08
• April 12, 1961: - First man in space
• 1962
– First telephone communication & TV broadcast via satellite: Echo 1
– First telecommunication satellite, first real-time active, AT&T: Telstar 1
– First Canadian satellite: Alouette 1
– On 7th June 1962 at 7:53p the two-stage rocket; Rehbar-I was successfully launched
from Sonmiani Rocket Range. It carried a payload of 80 pounds of sodium and soared
to about 130 km into the atmosphere. With the launching of Rehbar-I, Pakistan had
the honour of becoming the third country in Asia and the tenth in the world to conduct
such a launching after USA, USSR, UK, France, Sweden, Italy, Canada, Japan and
Israel.
– Rehbar-II followed a successful launch on 9 th June 1962
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• 1963
– Real-time active: Telstar 2
• 1964
– Creation of Intelsat
– First geostationary satellite, second satellite in stationary orbit: Syncom 3
– First Italian satellite: San Marco 1
 1965
 Intelsat 1 becomes first commercial comsat: Early Bird
 First real-time active for USSR: Molniya 1A
 1967
 First geostationary meteorology payload: ATS 3
 1968
 First European satellite: ESRO 2B
 July 21, 1969: - First man on the moon

 1970
 First Japanese satellite: Ohsumi
 First Chinese satellite: Dong Fang Hong 01
 1971
 First UK launched satellite: Prospero
 ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications
 INTELSAT IV Launched
 INTERSPUTNIK - Soviet Union equivalent of INTELSAT formed

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 1974
 First direct broadcasting satellite: ATS 6
 1976 
 MARISAT - First civil maritime communications satellite service started
 1977 
 EUTELSAT - European regional satellite
 ITU-WARC for Space Telecommunications in the Satellite Service
 1979
 Creation of Inmarsat

 1980 
 INTELSAT V launched - 3 axis stabilized satellite built by Ford Aerospace
 1983 
 ECS (EUTELSAT 1) launched - built by European consortium supervised by ESA
 1984 
 UK's UNISAT TV DBS satellite project abandoned
 First satellite repaired in orbit by the shuttle: SMM
 1985
 First Brazilian satellite: Brazilsat A1
 First Mexican satellite: Morelos 1
 1988
 First Luxemburg satellite: Astra 1A

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 1989 
 INTELSAT VI - one of the last big "spinners" built by Hughes
 Creation of Panamsat - Begins Service
 On 16 July 1990, Pakistan launched its first experimental satellite, BADR-I from China
 1990 
 IRIDIUM, TRITIUM, ODYSSEY and GLOBALSTAR S-PCN projects proposed - CDMA
designs more popular
 EUTELSAT II
 1992 
 OLYMPUS finally launched - large European development satellite with Ka-band,
DBTV and Ku-band SS/TDMA payloads - fails within 3 years
 1993 
 INMARSAT II - 39 dBW EIRP global beam mobile satellite - built by Hughes/British
Aerospace
 1994 
 INTELSAT VIII launched - first INTELSAT satellite built to a contractor's design
 Hughes describe SPACEWAY design
 DirecTV begins Direct Broadcast to Home
 1995
 Panamsat - First private company to provide global satellite services.

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 1996 
 INMARSAT III launched - first of the multibeam mobile satellites (built by
GE/Marconi)
 Echostar begins Diresct Broadcast Service
 1997 
 IRIDIUM launches first test satellites
 ITU-WRC'97
 1999 
 AceS launch first of the L-band MSS Super-GSOs - built by Lockheed Martin
 Iridium Bankruptcy - the first major failure?
 2000 
 Globalstar begins service
 Thuraya launch L-band MSS Super-GSO
 2001
 XM Satellite Radio begins service
 Pakistan’s 2nd Satellite, BADR-B was launched on 10 Dec 2001 at 9:15a from
Baikonour Cosmodrome, Kazakistan
 2002
 Sirius Satellite Radio begins service
 Paksat-1, was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002, Paksat-1,
was deployed at 38 degrees E orbital slot in December 2002
 2004 
 Teledesic network planned to start operation

10/04/22 30
 2005 
 Intelsat and Panamsat Merge
 VUSat OSCAR-52 (HAMSAT) Launched
 2006
 CubeSat-OSCAR 56 (Cute-1.7) Launched
 K7RR-Sat launched by California Politechnic University
 2007
 Prism was launched by University of Tokyo
 2008
 COMPASS-1; a project of Aachen University was launched from Satish Dawan
Space Center, India. It failed to achieve orbit.
 VINASAT 1: Telecommunications, Geostationary Satellite
 2012
 VINASAT-2: Geostationary Satellite.

 2013
 VN RED Sat 1A: Nongeostationary satellite: Remote Sensing

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 Intelsat

 INTELSAT is the original "Inter-governmental Satellite organization". It once

owned and operated most of the World's satellites used for international
communications, and still maintains a substantial fleet of satellites.
 INTELSAT is moving towards "privatization", with increasing competition
from commercial operators (e.g. Panamsat, Loral Skynet, etc.).
 INTELSAT Timeline:
 Interim organization formed in 1964 by 11 countries

 Permanent structure formed in 1973

 Commercial "spin-off", New Skies Satellites in 1998

 Full "privatization" by April 2001

 INTELSAT has 143 members and signatories.

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 Intelsat Structure

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 Eutelsat
 Permanent General Secretariat opened September 1978
 Intergovernmental Conference adopted definitive statutes with 26 members
on 14 May 1982
 Definitive organization entered into force on 1 September 1985

 General Secretariat -> Executive Organ

 Executive Council -> EUTELSAT Board of Signatories

 Secretary General -> Director General

 Current DG is Giuliano Berretta

 Currently almost 50 members
 Moving towards "privatization"
 Limited company owning and controlling of all assets and activities

 Also a "residual" intergovernmental organization which will ensure that basic

principles of pan-European coverage, universal service, non-discrimination
and fair competition are observed by the company

10/04/22 34
 Eutelsat Structure

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 Satellite Missions

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  MISSION AND PAYLOAD
 Space mission: the purpose of placing in equipment (payload) and/or
personnel to carry out activities that cannot be performed on earth
 Payload: design of the equipment is strongly influenced by the specific
mission, anticipated lifetime, launch vehicle selected, and the
environments of launch and space.
 Possible missions
 Communications
 Earth Resources
 Weather
 Navigation
 Astronomy
 Space Physics
 Space Stations
 Military
 Technology Proving

10/04/22 37
 Applications

 Communication (truncking call)  Weather telecast

 Teleconference  Navigation
 Telemedicine  GPS
 TV Broadcasting  Security/Calamity monitoring
 Data communication  Standard Time
 Telemetry(TEC, remote sensing  military
etc)

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Satellite System Elements

10/04/22 39
Space Segment

 Satellite Launching Phase

 Transfer Orbit Phase
 Deployment
 Operation
 TT&C - Tracking Telemetry and Command Station
 SSC - Satellite Control Center, a.k.a.:
 OCC - Operations Control Center

 SCF - Satellite Control Facility

 Retirement Phase

10/04/22 40
Ground Segment

 Collection of facilities, Users and Applications

 Earth Station = Satellite Communication Station

(Fixed or Mobile)
10/04/22 41
Satellite Uplink and Downlink

 Downlink
 The link from a satellite down to one or more ground stations or
receivers
 Uplink
 The link from a ground station up to a satellite.
 Some companies sell uplink and downlink services to
 television stations, corporations, and to other telecommunication
carriers.
 A company can specialize in providing uplinks, downlinks, or both.

10/04/22 42
Satellite Transmission Links
 Earth stations Communicate by sending signals to the satellite on an uplink
 The satellite then repeats those signals on a downlink
 The broadcast nature of downlink makes it attractive for services such as
the distribution of TV programs

Direct to User Services

One way Service Two way Service

(Broadcasting) (Communication)

10/04/22 43
Satellite Signals

 Used to transmit signals and data over long distances

 Weather forecasting
 Television broadcasting
 Internet communication
 Global Positioning Systems

10/04/22 44
 Geostationary Earth Orbit (GEO)
 These satellites are in orbit 35,863 km above the earth’s surface along the
equator.
 Objects in Geostationary orbit revolve around the earth at the same speed
as the earth rotates. This means GEO satellites remain in the same
position relative to the surface of earth.

10/04/22 45
 GEOs


Satellites are positioned every 4-8
degrees.


Aproximately 300 GEO satellites
are in orbit.

 Provides images of nearly one-third of the Earth's surface every 23 minutes with 4
km resolution.
 While the United States maintains and operates its GEOs, the European community
is served by its European Space Agency (ESA) Meteosat satellite, and Japan with its
GMS satellite.

10/04/22 46
Pros and Cons of GEOs
 Advantages:
 Weather images can be
displayed.
 Television broadcasts are
uninterrupted.
 Used to track major
developments such as
hurricanes 24 hours a day.
10/04/22
 Disadvantages:
 It takes longer for the signal to
get to earth and back to
satellite.
 Increased difficulty of
telephone conversations.
 GEOs are not positioned in the
farthest northern and southern
orbits.
47
 GEO (cont.)

 Advantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance from earth gives it a large
coverage area, almost a fourth of the earth’s surface.
 GEO satellites have a 24 hour view of a particular
area.
 These factors make it ideal for satellite broadcast and
other multipoint applications.

10/04/22 48
  Disadvantages
 A GEO satellite’s distance also cause it to have both a
comparatively weak signal and a time delay in the
signal, which is bad for point to point communication.
 GEO satellites, centered above the equator, have
difficulty broadcasting signals to near polar regions

10/04/22 49
  12.4 Broadband Satellite Networks
 Broadband satellite system architectures
 Access network

 Access/core network

 Intersatellite links

 Bent-pipe architectures

 See Figure 12-9, Figure 12-10, and Figure 12-11

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10/04/22 51
  12.4 Broadband Satellite Networks
 Broadband satellite system architectures
 Hybrid broadband satellite architectures

 DirecWay

 Low speed terrestrial link

 Downlink via satellite

 Uses DVB-S transport standard

 See Figure 12-13

10/04/22 52
  12.4 Broadband Satellite Networks
 Technical challenges for broadband satellite systems
 Satellite physical layer challenges

 Satellite propagation problems

 Satellite high-power amplifier problems

 Satellite modulation and coding schemes

 See Figure 12-14

10/04/22 53
  12.4 Broadband Satellite Networks
 Satellite MAC layer challenges
 Fixed assignment satellite MAC protocols

 FDMA, TDMA, CDMA, W-CDMA, OFDM, etc.

 Random access satellite MAC protocols

 Demand/dynamic assignment satellite MAC protocols

 Satellite link layer technologies

 12.4 Broadband Satellite Networks

 Satellite network and transport layers
 Broadband satellite routing issues

 Broadband transport issues

 Use of DVB-S transport for broadband satellite systems

 Cross-layer design for satellite systems

 Proposed and operational broadband satellite systems

10/04/22 54
 12.5 Broadband Microwave and Millimeter Wave Systems
 Emerging applications
 Cellular applications
 Typical frequency bands – 7 to 38 GHz

 System components – IDU and ODU

 Network architectures

 See Figure 12-15, Figure 12-16, and Figure 12-17

10/04/22 55
10/04/22 56
 Inter Satellite Link
(ISL)
Mobile User
Link (MUL) MUL
Gateway Link
(GWL) GWL

small cells
(spotbeams)

base station
or gateway
footprint

ISDN PSTN GSM

PSTN: Public Switched User data

Telephone Network

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