Classification respiratory system :

1. Structurally
a. Upper respiratory system  nose, pharynx
b. Lower respiratory system  larynx, tracea, bronchi & lungs

2. Functionally
a. Conducting zone
 consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside
and within the lungs.
 These include the nose, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchi, bronchioles,
and terminal bronchioles;
 Their function is to filter, warm, and moisten air and conduct it
into the lungs
b. Respiratory zone
 consists of tissues within the lungs where gas exchange occurs .
 These include the respiratory bronchioles, alveolar ducts,
alveolar sacs, and alveoli;
 They are the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
 Portion of the nose :

1. Eksternal nose

is the portion of the nose visible on the face

consists of a supporting framework of bone and
hyaline cartilage covered with muscle and skin
and lined by a mucous membrane.
Bony framework of the external nose : the
frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae

The cartilaginous framework of the external

nose consists :
septal nasal cartilage, which forms the
anterior portion of the nasal septum
 lateral nasal cartilages inferior to the nasal
bones
alar cartilages, which form a portion of the
walls of the nostrils
On the undersurface of the external nose are
two openings called the external nares or
nostrils
The interior structures of the external nose have three functions:
 2. Internal nose

is a large cavity beyond the

nasal vestibule
in the anterior aspect of
the skull that lies inferior
to the nasal
bone and superior to the
mouth; it is lined with
muscle and mucous
membrane.

Anteriorly, the internal

nose merges with the
external nose, and
posteriorly it
communicates with the
pharynx
through internal nares or
choanae
The space within the
internal nose is called the
nasal cavity.

The anterior portion of the

nasal cavity just inside the
nostrils,
called the nasal vestibule,
is surrounded by cartilage;

the superior
part of the nasal cavity is
surrounded by bone.

A vertical
partition, the nasal
septum, divides the nasal
cavity into right
and left sides
When air enters the
nostrilsit passes first
through the vestibule,.
superior, middle, and
inferior nasal conchae 
superior, middle, and
Inferior meatuses

The arrangement of
conchae and meatuses
increases
surface area in the internal
nose and prevents
dehydration by
trapping water droplets
during exhalation internal
nares pharynx
The upper part of the nasal cavity receives its arterial supply from the
ethmoidal branches of the ophthalmic artery, a branch of the internal
carotid.

The upper part of the nasal cavity receives its arterial supply from the sphenopalatine
branch of the maxillary artery, a terminal of
the external carotid

Just within the vestibule of the nose, on the anteroinferior part of the septum, it links
with a septal branch of the facial artery and it is from this zone, Little’s area, that 90%
of nose-bleeds occur.

The veins drain downwards into the facial vein

and upwards to the ethmoidal tributaries of the ophthalmic veins.
The middle ear, or tympanic cavity, is the
narrow slit-like cavity in the petrous
part of the temporal bone containing the three
auditory ossicles.
The walls of the cavity and its important relations are as follows:
 The lateral wall is formed mainly by the tympanic membrane
 The medial wall, which separates the cavity from the internal ear,
Fenestra cochleae (round window) closed by the secondary tympanic
membrane
Fenestra vestibuli (oval window) occupied by the base of the stapes
 The promontory formed by the first turn of the cochlea
The prominence caused by the underlying canal for the facial nerve
 The floor is a thin plate
of bone separating the
cavity from the bulb of
the jugular vein.

 The roof is formed by

the thin sheet of bone
known as the tegmen
tympani, which
separates it from the
middle cranial fossa and
the temporal lobe of the
brain.
Anteriorly, the cavity communicates with the pharynx by way of the
pharyngotympanic or Eustachian tube.

Posteriorly, it communicates with the mastoid or tympanic antrum and the mastoid air
cells.
Extending across the middle ear and attached to it by ligaments are the three smallest
bones in the body, the auditory ossicles

The bones, named for their shapes, are the malleus, incus, and stapes—commonly called
the hammer, anvil, and stirrup
•Two tiny skeletal muscles also attach to the ossicles .

•The tensor tympani muscle, which is supplied by the mandibular branch of the
trigeminal (V) nerve, limits movement and increases tension on the eardrum to
prevent damage to the inner ear from loud noises.

•The stapedius muscle, which is supplied by the facial (VII) nerve, is the smallest
skeletal muscle in the human body
The anterior wall of the middle ear contains an opening that leads directly into the
auditory (pharyngotympanic) tube, commonly known as the eustachian tube.

The auditory tube, which consists of both bone and elastic cartilage, connects the
middle ear with the nasopharynx
Four pairs of paranasal sinuses:
1.frontal sinuses are located above the eyes, in the forehead bone.
2.Maxillary sinuses (antra of Highmore) are located in the cheekbones, under the eyes.
3.ethmoid sinuses, also called ethmoid labyrinth are located between the eyes and the nose.
4.sphenoid sinuses are located in the center of the skull, behind the nose and the eyes.
•The frontal sinuses are contained in the frontal bone.

•The frontal sinus is supplied by the supraorbital and supratrochlear arteries of the
ophthalmic artery.

•The frontal sinus innervated by the supraorbital and supratrochlear nerves of the first
division of the trigeminal nerve
•This is a pyramidal-shaped sinus

•The largest paranasal sinus and lies inferior to the eyes in the maxillary bone

•The maxillary sinus is supplied by branches of the internal maxillary artery, which include
the infraorbital, alveolar, greater palatine, and sphenopalatine arteries.

•It is innervated by branches of the second division of the trigeminal nerve, the

infraorbital nerve, and the greater palatine nerves
The ethmoid sinuses are made up of a group of 8–10 air cells within the
lateral mass of the ethmoid and lie between the side-walls of the upper
nasal cavity and the orbits

Superiorly, they lie on each side of the cribiform plate and are related above to the frontal
lobes of the brain.

These cells drain into the superior and middle meatus

These lie one on either side of the midline, within the body of the sphenoid

Each sinus drains into the nasal cavity above the superior concha (the
sphenoethmoidal recess).