AT O M I C

STRUCTURE AND
CHEMICAL
BONDING

Amita.M.V
Grade-IX
 Introduction to Atoms

 Atom are the building blocks of all types of matter

 Smallest particle of an element

 It has neutral charge.

Reason- It has equal number of electron and proton
+ -
+-
 Introduction to elements

 It is a substance made up of only one kind of atom

A substance that
 It is a pure substance. has same kind of
atoms and has
proper and definite
composition
 It cannot be broken down into simpler substances.

 Represented by symbols
Historic view of the Brainy People
Brainy Person No-1 : Maharishi Kanada Atoms
1. He called the smallest and indestructible unit as Parmanu

All matter can be divided

and subdivided till it • It cannot exist
reaches the smallest independently
indestructible entity • It combines with
other paramanu to
form a bigger entity

Molecules
2. He called the bigger entity which is formed by paramanu as anu.

• It can exist
independently
Historic view of the Brainy People
Brainy Person No-2 : Democritus

The indivisible
1. Everything is composed of Atomos. particles are to be
called as Atomos.
Greek word
for Atoms
2. Atoms are of different shape and size.

3. They were of constant motion.

4. This theory was rejected by Aristotle and

this was also rejected for nearly 2,000
years.
Historic view of the Brainy People
Brainy Person No-3: John Dalton

John Dalton proposed the Atomic Theory. The modern technology

The atoms are proved most of the facts wrong except the fact that it participates in
indivisible particles that chemical reaction.
are the fundamental The Atomic Theory was based on two laws- Law of Conservation Of
building blocks of Mass & Law of Constant Composition
matter
Atoms can neither be created A pure compound will
nor destroyed. The number of always have the same
atoms remain constant, due to proportion (Mass mainly) of
which mass also remains the same element.
constant.

The main points he brought to front are :-

 All matter is made up of tiny and indivisible particles called
Atoms.
 Atoms can neither be created nor destroyed.
 Atoms of a given element will be same in that element.
 They combine in small numbers to form molecules.
 They combine in in fixed and small ratios to form molecules.
 They can take part in chemical reaction.
 Are atoms really indivisible? Can they be divided?
Introduction to Electron, Proton and Neutron
John Dalton’s theory was accepted for a long time by almost all the scientists. What was the turning point that
made the scientists feel that John Dalton’s atomic theory may be wrong? Other than atoms, one more type of
concept was also known to people, which is charges. They knew the fact that “a charged object can attract an
opposite charge object and induce the opposite charge” and that “opposite charges can attract each other.”
When you take a comb and comb it in dry hair, when few paper pieces are kept, they are attracted.
The scientists tried to relate it with magnetism, but was it related to magnetism? Then a spark of charges attracted
them, they remembered the concept of charges. They tried to relate it with charges which they were successful.
They understood that a comb combed in dry hair was a charged particle which attracted the opposite charged
particle. But one question aroused. “FROM WHERE DID CHARGE COME ?” They reminded themselves that
EVERYTHING WAS MATTER, and MATTER CONSISTED OF ATOMS. And they thought logically that
charge should also come around somewhere from atoms. This brought a change to John Dalton’s theory that there
must be something inside the atoms that made the object attract. His point that atoms are indivisible were proven
unfortunately wrong. This small point made huge discoveries that one can’t imagine!
 Discovery of Electrons- Base
He discovered the base of electrons accidently while studying the phenomenon of
electric discharge.
Point to be kept at mind: Gases are POOR CONDUCTORS OF ELECTRICITY

 A DISCHARGE TUBE has electrodes both cathode & anode at its ends.
 It has a hole for VACUUM PUMP so that it can suck the air pressure and reduce it to
0.001 mm of Hg [Mercury].
 High voltage of 10,000 volts charge was applied from an induction coil to tube.
 The gases started becoming a good conductor of electricity and a greenish yellow ray
was observed in a soda glass screen behind the anode proving that the rays were from
cathode to anode.
William Crookes :
The man who built
the foundation of
Electron
 Electrons obtained from the Base
J.J Thomson, a BRITISH SCIENTIST performed experiments to study the properties of
cathode rays. In the discharge tube, there was a fluorescent coating which lights up when the
rays are produced.
In this experiment performed by J.J Thomson modified it in a small way.
 One of the electrode is connected to the positive terminal. It’s ANODE. Connected to the
Other electrode is connected to the negative terminal. It’s CATHODE. Battery
 He placed a paddle wheel in the path of cathode rays in the discharge tube, the blades of
the paddle started rotating.
Proves that “ The rays or beam have mass and produce KINETIC ENERGY”
 He placed an electric field in the path of cathode rays, they got deflected or refracted
towards the positive plate of the electric field.
The man who
Proves that “ The cathode rays are made of negatively charged particles, because
studied the
opposites attract.”
base and
discovered
electrons
Properties of Cathode Rays
 They travel in straight rays.
 They cause a greenish yellow light.
 Electric field affect the rays.
 They carry negative charge.
 They penetrate through matter.
 They have Kinetic Energy.
 They do not depend on the gas inside.

Properties of Electrons
 They have Identical Mass.
Mass= Negligible mass of a hydrogen atom
1/1837 of a hydrogen atom
 It is part of atom
 It is a negatively charged particle.
-1.602 * coulombs
 It is extremely small.
 It has relative charge of -1.
 Denoted as .
 Located in shells
 Discovery of Protons
An atom is said to be electrically neutral. After negative particles was discovered, it is logic that there must be some
particle which neutralizes the negative charge in particles. Eugen Goldstein demonstrated that there must be protons which
neutralizes it.  The steps of cathode rays all were followed.
One small difference : A perforated cathode was kept in the same discharge tube
experiment done earlier to allow the passage of anode rays.
 He found that the cathode rays were also formed but other than that, one more kind of rays
were formed which was from anode to cathode and were named as anode rays.
 The usual cathode rays(i.e from cathode to anode) were also formed but other than that
another ray (From anode to cathode) were formed.
A faint red light was observed on a zinc suplhide screen behind the cathode proving that
there were rays from anode to cathode

When a magnet of opposite charge was

The man who kept (i.e negative charge), it attracted and
demonstrated inflected proving that the rays were of
the presence of positive charge. This was named as
Protons protons.
Properties of Anode
Rays
 They travel in straight line.
 They produce faint light behind the
cathode
 They have positive charged particles.
 They depend upon the gas inside.
 They have minute particles.

Properties of Proton
 They have the same mass of hydrogen
Mass=1.672 * grams
 They are present in all atoms.
 It is a positively charged particle.
=1.602* coulomb
 It is extremely small.
 It has relative charge of +1
 Denoted as 𝑝+¿ ¿
 It is present in the nucleus.
 Plum Cake of Chemistry
After the discovery of electron and proton, J.J Thomson proposed a model for atom which is known as plum pudding
model of an atom.

According to him, since an atom has

electrons and protons.
In which protons are a spherical
cloud. That is the cake.
And the electrons are embedded and
spread along the spherical cloud.
These are the small plums in a cake.
The mass is uniformly distributed
and the atom has equal positive and
negative charge making it of neutral The representation of his
charge. atomic model
 Discovery of
Nucleus
Rutherford took a gold A fluorescent screen was
foil for his setup. It is made to rotate in a huge
said to be really thin. manner around the gold foil
so that the rays can be shown
Why Gold ?
through the indication of
Gold is really
malleable and light.
can be beaten
The
into sheets
fluorescent
screen helps to
He directed the alpha
see the part
particles to be shot where the light
*boom* *boom* into ray hits
the gold foil from an
A young and alpha particle emitter.
intelligent mind
filled with curiosity Alpha Particles
“Ernest Rutheford” They are positively
discovered nucleus charged particles.
Electrons are
removed from the
atom to make it
positive
 Let’s represent the lines in a pictorial
representation..
What happens to the gold foil
Why is that the Since it is very thin,
during the radiation ?
particles move in zoom into the atoms
different directions? Very thin gold of gold sheet
What is that foil
But why were few rays
Rutherford was trying alone deflected? It would
to prove have hit something hard
Alpha rays would be passed which causes it to move
into the atoms. But this from its trajectory. This is
proves our plum pudding the point where Rutherford
model wrong. Because this and his team thought that
proves that atom has enough the model which they were
space and the protons were believing to be correct was
not a spherical cloud incorrect

Most of the rays are allowed to pass and are undeflected because they The plum pudding model, on the
have enough space to allow them. This proves that they are not other hand, predicted only a
dense. But as only few rays are deflected, this proved that the nucleus slight deflection of the scattered
was dense and there might even be the work of a charge which makes alpha particle beam. No large
it repel, so this proves that the protons are present in the nucleus and angle backscattering. These
not in the free sphere, by which the alpha particles are deflected and results demonstrated that the
scattered proving J.J Thomson’s model to be incorrect. The size of plum pudding model was
the nucleus had to be small because only very few rays were incorrect.
deflected and most of the rays hit straight
 Rutherford’s Atomic
Model
 He said that the atoms
have an empty space. What was the drawback?
 There is a hard and
dense nucleus  He did not say anything about
 The protons are present the arrangement of electrons in
in the nucleus. an atom
 The electrons are  He could not explain the
revolving around the stability of an atom.
nucleus in orbits. “Accelerated charged particles
emit electromagnetic radiations”
o If is moving around the nucleus.
 His model looked like solar
It would emit radiation and lose
system.
 An atom had a heavily charged energy.
o This would cause shrinking of
positive nucleus.
 It had electrons revolving the atom and cause the atom to
collapse
around the positive nucleus.
o And if this happened, no atoms
 It revolves in close circular
would be present for a long time
paths which were balanced by
and matter cannot exist in its
centrifugal force
expected form for a long time.
 Bohr’s Atomic Model
Niel Bohr tried to solve it. He took Rutherford’s atomic model as base and worked on it to give a revised and
modified atomic model which had stability.
He said that the electrons revolving were confined to a fixed path known as shells which has a fixed amount of
energy. While revolving, an electron would not gain or lose electron.
And if the shell attains the amount of energy intended, it would go to the next shell making it stable.
They are labeled as K,L,M,N or I,II,III,IV,etc. The closest orbit has the least amount of energy.
• The first shell would have 2 electrons
• The second shell would have around 8 electrons.
• The third shell would have around 18 electrons.
• It would go on with the formula of 2 *
(number)^2.
• They are filled in stepwise manner.
• Outermost shell can accommodate a maximum of
8 electrons to become stable.
 Discovery of Neutron

Scientists had a clue that there must be some other particle which helps to keep the positive particles from repelling each
other.
The scientists were confused in one small thing which is helium atom had an atomic number of 2, but the mass number is 4
and Beryllium has an atomic number of 4 but the mass number was 9. 1 atomic number is 1 a.m.u.
The scientists concluded that there must be something which increases the mass again and holds the structure intact.

James Chadwick took the alpha particles and made them to shoot into a beryllium plate. The beryllium plates emitted
radiation. They confirmed that it was neither positive nor negative by the presence of magnets.
Then paraffin was kept next from which protons was emitted. It was
something heavy which made the protons shot themselves in high speed. The
speed was so high in both the cases which made them to reconsider the fact
that both of them had to be of same mass. So this is how the neutrons were
discovered. The alpha particles made the neutrons to come and shoot in high
speed. They were similar to that of protons.
Properties of Neutrons

 There was no deflection

 It’s mass is the same of proton
 The number of protons are the
39
atomic number of an element.
 Denoted by letter “Z” 19 𝐾
 Number of Protons and electrons
are equal making the atom
neutral.

Mass Number
 Total number of protons and Here the potassium atom has atomic number as 19 and mass number
neutrons as 39,
 Denoted by letter “A” It’s nucleus will have 19 Protons which will be equal to the number
of Electrons. It would have 39-19=20 Neutrons.
It has an electronic configuration of 2,8,8,1
It has a valency of 1
 Valence Electrons
o The outermost shell are
How to find the valency
called valence shells.
o The electrons present in using valence electrons?
the valence shells are
If the number of valence
valence electrons.
o Elements that have electrons is 1,2,3
Then valency of
valence electrons of 1,2 or
element= number of
3 are metals.
valence electrons
They lose electrons and
form positively charged
If the number of valence
ions-Cations.
o Elements that have electrons is 4,5,6,7
Then valency of
valence electrons as 4,5,6
element=8-number of
or 7 are non-metals.
o They gain electrons to valence electrons
form negatively charged
If the number of valence
ions- Anions
o Elements that have electrons is 8
Then valency of
valence electrons as 8 are
element= 0
inert gases. They do not
lose or gain.