PROTOCOL

ARCHIITECTURE
 TCP/IP PROTOCOL SUITE

Protocol suite means a set of protocols organized in different layers .

Layers in TCP/IP protocol suite are

1. Application Layer
2. Transport layer
3. Network/Internet Layer
4. Data Link layer
5. Physical Layer
1. Physical Layer

● This layer is responsible for carrying individual bits in a frame

across the link
● The bits received in a frame from the data link layer are
transformed and sent through the transmission media
● There is a transmission media under this layer which may be air
or cable
● It deals w
Data Link Layer

● This layer is responsible for taking the datagram and moving it across the
Link(LAN and WAN’s)
● TCP/IP does not define any specific protocol for data link layer
● The Datal link layer takes a datagram and encapsulate it in a packet called
frame.
● Each link layer protocol provides different service. Some link layer protocols
provide error detection and correction
Network Layer

● The Network layer is responsible for host to host communication and

routing the packet through possible routes
● The network layer in the Internet includes the main protocol , Internet
Protocol(IP) , that defines the format of a packet called a datagram at the
Network layer.
● IP also defines the format and structure of addresses used in this layer.
● IP is a connection less protocol that provide no flow control , no error
control and no congestion control
● The netwrok layer also includes unicast and multicast routing protocols
Network layer Cont...

The Netwok layer has some auxiliary protocols that help IP in its delivery and
routing tasks

ICMP helps IP to report some problems when routing the packet

IGMP helps IP in multitasking

DHCP helps IP to get network layer address for a host.

The Address Resolution protocol (ARP) helps IP to find the link lalyr address of a
host or router when network layer address is given.
Transport layer
● The transport layer at the source gets the message from the
application layer encapsulate it in a transport layer packet (called
Segment or a user Datagram in different protocols) and sends it to
the destination host.
● The main protocol in theis layer the TCP(Transmission Control
Protocol) is a connection oriented protocol that first establihses a
connection between transport layer at the two hosts before
transfering data
● TCP provides flow control , Error control and conjestion control
● Note: flow control meas matching the sending data rate of host with
the receiving data rate of the destination host to prevent over flow at
the destination
Error control guarantees that segments arrive at the destination
without error and resending the corrupted ones.

Congestion control reduces loss of segments dute to congestion

in the network

● Another protocol in this layer is UDP(User Datagram Protoco)

is a connection less protocol that transmits user datagram
without fist crating a logical connection.
● It doesnot provide flow control, error control and congestion
control
This protocol is used by applicatons that need to send short
messages and cannot afford reransmission of packets
Application Layer

Communicatoin at the applicatoin layer is between two processes ( ie two

programs running at this layer)

Process to process communication is the duty of the application layer

The applicaton layer include many predefined protocols

HTTP : It is a vehicle for accessing the www

SMTP is the main protoclo used in email

Ftp is used for transfering files from one host to another