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Lecture05 Physical Layer
Lecture05 Physical Layer
Networks
I will also be borrowing examples and figures from the online course
material provided by Prof. Andrea Goldsmith, Stanford University
hT
Moreover, we assume a flat (or plane) earth
Rh
Number of additional
Conversion to radians wavelengths travelled
in distance ∆d
hT
hR
2hT dr hR
hT +hR dr
2hT dr hR
hT +hR dr
d = 500m
d
-1 for grazing earth distance
See Example 4.4 in Ref. book
hT
hR
d
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 19
Reflection: Received Power
Received power
is a function
of:
Antenna
heights:
Higher the
antennas,
greater the
received
power
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 Source: A. Goldsmith Book on Wireless Communications 20
Exercise
hT
hR
d
A mobile is located 4 km away from a base station and uses a λ/2
monopole antenna with a gain of 2.55 dB to receive signals from
the base station. The transmitter produces 50W of power and the
carrier frequency is 900 MHz.
b) Find the received power at the mobile using the two ray model
assuming base station antenna height of 40 m and mobile antenna
height of 2.5m.
d
Consider a 10 Watt transmitter communicating with a mobile
receiver having a sensitivity of -100 dBm (in watts it is equivalent
to 10-13). Assume that the receiver antenna height is 2 m, and then
transmitter and receiver antenna gains are 1 dB. What height of
base station antenna would be necessary to provide a service area
of radius 10 Km. If the receiver is mobile, and the maximum
radiated power is restricted by regulation to be 10 watts or less,
what realistic options are there for increasing the service area?
d
Answer:
The plane earth model indicates the base station antenna would have
to be 4 meters in height. Service area may be increased either by
improving receiver sensitivity, or boosting the transmitter antenna
height, or increasing antenna gain. Realistically, a 4-meter antenna
would be unlikely to provide a line of sight path over a distance of 10
km, thus the plane-earth model is applicable but service area would
not be covered.
Wavefront
Diffracted
Wavefront
Q
h
d2
O
T d1
Q
h
d2
O
T d1
Q
h
d2
O
T d1
Q
h = 50mm
d2 = 200m
O
T d1 = 300m
Q
h
d2
O
T d1
h
d2
O
T d1
37
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
Circles on the obstruction with an excess length equal to an
integer multiple of half wavelengths define a series of concentric
ellipsoids
Site A
d1
Site B
Image courtesy of Lecture on Wireless d2
Communication Systems, University of
Surrey
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 38
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
Circles on the obstruction with an excess length equal to an
integer multiple of half wavelengths define a series of concentric
ellipsoids
Volume enclosed be q-th ellipsoid is called the q-th Fresnel Zone
T
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 39
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
R
First Fresnel Zone
Second Fresnel Zone
O
Third Fresnel Zone
T
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 41
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
R
First Fresnel Zone
Second Fresnel Zone
O
Third Fresnel Zone
T
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 42
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
Fresnel zones can be thought of as containing the propagated
energy of the wave.
R
First Fresnel Zone
Second Fresnel Zone
O
Third Fresnel Zone
T
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 43
Diffraction: Fresnel Zones
Any obstructions which do not enter the 1st Fresnel zone have
little effect on the signal
h=0, ν=0
obstruction
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 48
Diffraction: Losses
For an obstruction of height h, the Fresnel-Kirchhoff parameter is
given by
h negative
ν negative
obstruction
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 49
Diffraction: Losses
For an obstruction of height h, the Fresnel-Kirchhoff parameter is
given by
h positive
ν positive
obstruction
Copyright © Hassaan Khaliq 2022 50
Diffraction: Losses on a Knife-Edge Obstruction
(a) h=25 m:
(b) h=0:
(c) h=-25m:
Recall that:
For h=-25, the first three Fresnel zones are still blocked but
diffraction losses are negligible because the obstruction is below the
line-of-sight path
In that case, total diffraction loss due to all of the obstacles must
be computed.
Objects such as lamp posts and trees tend to scatter energy in all
directions, thereby providing additional radio energy at the
receiver.