Content

• Introduction
• Basic difference between WRC107 & WRC 297
• WRC 107
• WRC297
• Limitation of WRC107 &WRC 297

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WELDING RESEARCH COUNCILS:

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Basic difference between WRC107 and WRC 297
WRC 107
We can do WRC 107 any type of attachment in vessel
for ex. Lug, nozzle , trunion etc.
WRC 107 calculate the stress at4 location on the
junction of attachment outside or inside
WRC 107 compare the stresses from the allowable
given ASME SEC. VIII DIV. 2
WRC 107 we can do only for the attachment which is
perpendicular the equipment axis. But in caesar we
can do the nozzle which is collinear with equipment by
giving false information.
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WRC 297
We can do WRC 297 only for the attachment which is
hollow and penetrate the vessel
WRC 297 calculate the actual stiffness of the material
and than calculate the applied forces on the junction of
nozzle.
In WRC 297 we compare the induced force with
allowable load given in vendor dwg.
WRC 297 we never when the axis of nozzle and
equipment which having collinear axis.
 WRC BULLETINE 107:
• WRC Bulletin 107 presents the results of an analytical
and experimental research program aimed at providing
methods for determining the stresses in pressure vessel
nozzle connections subjected to various forms of
external loadings. Based on the work of P.P. Bijlaard, the
Bulletin covers the sign conventions, parameters,
calculation of stresses, nondimensional curves, and
limitations on application for spherical and cylindrical
shells and an abridged calculation for maximum stress in
spherical shells.
First published in 1965, WRC Bulletin 107 was revised in
1968, 1970, 1972, 1979 and 2002.

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APPLICABILITY OF WRC 107

• User has to make sure the criteria for elastic

analysis is satisfied or not.

Following are the geometric limitations for WRC

107:
di / Di < 0.33
Dm / T > 50

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Nomenclature Applicable to Shells:

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Effects of External loading on shell
wall:
• The Six components of External loading are:
 Radial load ( P)
 Two Overturning Moment. ( M1 & M2)
 Two horizontal shear forces ( V1 & V2 )
 Torsional Moment ( Mt )

The radial and overturning moments induce Local

membrane & bending stresses in both radial &
circumferential direction of the shell wall.

The shear forces & torsional moment produce local shear

stresses.

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Method of WRC 107 in Caesar-II

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Method of WRC 107 in Caesar-II

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Method of WRC 107 in Caesar-II

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Method of WRC 107 in Caesar-II

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Method of WRC 107 in Caesar-II

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COMPARISIONS OF RESULT WITH
ALLOWABLES:
• As per ASME Section VIII Division 2, Boiler & Pressure
Vessel Code provides rules for allowed stresses at nozzle
& vessel junction.

 Following are the condition to be satisfied in order to qualify the

nozzle.
 General Primary membrane stress (Pm ):
This is the average primary stress across a solid section & generally
developed in a cylinder due to internal pressure.
Calculated by Pd/2t Or Pd/4t.
General Primary membrane stress intensity must be less than Sm.

Pm < Sm

Where Sm is the average of hot and cold allowable

stress.

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COMPARISIONS OF RESULT WITH ALLOWABLES:
 Locally generated Primary stresses (Pl ):
There are two type of stresses developed coz of external
loading,
a) Primary membrane stress.
b) Primary bending stress.
As per ASME sec VIII Code,
General Primary membrane stress ( coz of internal
pressure) plus locally generated primary stresses( coz of
external loading) must be less than 1.5Sm.

Pm+Pl < 1.5 Sm

Where Sm is the average of hot and cold allowable
stress.
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COMPARISIONS OF RESULT WITH
ALLOWABLES:
 Secondary stress (Q ):
Secondary stress is developed as a result of imposed
strain. Main cause of development of this stresses is a
pure thermal expansion of the system.

As per ASME Section VIII Div 2, Boiler & pressure vessel

code,
Primary + Secondary stress intensity must be less
than 3Sm.
Pm + Pl+ Q < 3Sm.

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 WRC BULLETINE 297:

• WRC 297
a) d/D <= 0.5
b) D/T<=2500
c) d/t <=100
d) Calculates vessel stress and nozzle stress
e) Used for cylindrical nozzle on cylindrical
vessel

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 WRC BULLETINE 297:
In WRC 297 calculate the forces on nozzle and vessel junction, by using
the original stiffness of material.

Forces comes on nozzle and vessel junction is compared with allowable

of vessel.

For WRC 297 it is necessary that object should be penetrate the vessel .

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 WRC BULLETINE 297:

BY USING
WRC 297

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 WRC BULLETINE 297:

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 WRC BULLETINE 297:

THESE STIFFNESS IS
USED BY WRC 297

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 Limitation of WRC107 &
WRC 297:
• The following list summarizes areas where WRC 107 ad WRC 297 are
considered weak, or where further concern should be displayed:
• a) d/D > 0.5
• b) t/T < 1.0
• c) Pad reinforced nozzles
• d) Hillsides or laterals
• e) Area replacement rules for pressure are barely satisfied and large D/T.
• f) Temperatures are approaching the creep regime.
• g) Cycles are greater than 5000.
• h) Design and operating conditions are approximately the same.
• i) The load consists of high-pressure stresses and high loads.
• j) The Piping attached to the nozzle is long, flexible, and somewhat
unrestrained.

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