Mechanical resistance exercise

Dr. Aroosha
 Mechanical resistance exercise
1. Mechanical resistance exercise is any form of exercise in which resistance (the exercise load) is applied by means of some type of
exercise equipment.
2. Frequently used terms that denote the use of mechanical resistance are resistance training, weight training, and strength
training.
Advantages
3. Establishes a quantitative baseline measurement of muscle performance against which improvement can be judged.
4. Most appropriate during intermediate and advanced phases of rehabilitation when muscle strength is 4/5 or greater or when
the strength of the patient exceeds the therapist’s strength.
5. Increases in level of resistance can be incrementally and quantitatively documented.
6. Quantitative improvement is an effective source of motivation for the patient.
7. Some equipment provides variable resistance through the ROM.
8. High-velocity resistance training is possible and safe with some forms of mechanical resistance (hydraulic and pneumatic
variable resistance machines, isokinetic units, elastic resistance).
9. Appropriate for independent exercise in a home program after careful patient education and a period of supervision.
Disadvantages
10. Not appropriate when muscles are very weak or soft tissues are in the very early stages of healing, with the exception of some
equipment that provides assistance, support, or control against gravity.
11. Equipment that provides constant external resistance maximally loads the muscle at only one point in the ROM.
12. No accommodation for a painful arc (except with hydraulic, pneumatic, or isokinetic equipment).
13. Expense for purchase and maintenance of equipment.
14. With free weights and weight machines, gradation in resistance is dependent on the manufacturer’s increments of resistance
Use in Rehabilitation

• Mechanical resistance exercise is commonly implemented in

rehabilitation programs to eliminate or reduce deficits in muscular
strength, power, and endurance caused by an array of pathological
conditions and
• to restore or improve functional abilities.
Use in Conditioning Programs
• There is a growing awareness through health promotion and disease
prevention campaigns that training with weights or other forms of
mechanical resistance is an important component of comprehensive
conditioning programs to improve or maintain physical fitness and
health throughout most of the life span.
 Guidelines for a balanced resistance training program for the healthy, but untrained adult (less than 50 to 60
years of age)

1. Prior to resistance training, perform warm-up activities followed by flexibility exercises.

2. Perform dynamic exercises that target the major muscle groups of the body (approximately 8–10 muscle groups
of the upper and lower extremities and trunk) for total body muscular fitness.
3. Balance flexion-dominant (pulling) exercises with extension-dominant (pushing) exercises.
4. Move through the full, available, and pain-free ROM.
5. Include both concentric (lifting) and eccentric (lowering) muscle actions.
6. Use moderate-intensity exercises: at least 8 to 12 repetitions per set.
7. Perform 1 to 3 sets of each exercise for 8 to 12 repetitions per set.
8. Use slow to moderate speeds of movement. Use rhythmic, controlled, non-ballistic movements.
9. Exercises should not interfere with normal breathing.
10.Include rest intervals of 2 to 3 minutes between sets. While resting one muscle group, exercise a different
muscle group.
11.Frequency: two to three times per week.
12.Increase intensity gradually
13.Whenever possible, train with a partner for feedback and assistance.
14.Cool down after completion of exercises.
15.After a layoff of more than 1 to 2 weeks, reduce the resistance and volume when reinitiating weight training.
 Resistance Training for Children: Special Guidelines and Special Considerations
1. No formal resistance training for children less than 6 to 7 years of age.
2. At age 6 to 7, introduce the concept of an exercise session initially using exercises without weights, then with
light (only 1- or 2-pound) weights.
3. Maintain close and continuous supervision by trained personnel or a parent who has received instruction.
4. Focus on proper form, exercise technique, and safety (alignment, stabilization, controlled motion).
5. Emphasize low intensity throughout childhood to avoid potential injury to a child’s growing skeletal system and
to joints and supportive soft tissues.
6. Perform warm-up activities for at least 5 to 10 minutes before initiating resistance exercises.
7. Select low exercise loads that allow a minimum of 8 to 12 repetitions.
8. Perform only one to two sets of each exercise; rest at least 3 minutes between sets of exercises.
9. Initially progress resistance training by increasing repetitions, not resistance, or by increasing the total number
of exercises. Later, increase weight by no more than 5% at a time.
10. Limit the frequency to two sessions per week.
11. Use properly fitting equipment that is designed or can be adapted for a child’s size. Many weight machines
cannot be adequately adjusted to fit a child’s stature.
 Resistance Training for Older Adults (≥ 60–65 Years) Guidelines and Special Considerations

1. Secure approval to initiate exercise from the participant’s physician.

2. Institute close supervision during the early phases of training to ensure safety.
3. Monitor vital signs, particularly when the program is progressed.
4. Perform at least 5 to 10 minutes of warm-up activities before each session of resistance exercises.
5. Begin with low-resistance, low-repetition exercises.
6. Emphasize low to moderate levels of resistance (at a level that permits 10–12 repetitions) for 6 to 8 weeks.
7. Progress the program during this time by increasing repetitions. Later, increase resistance by small increments.
8. Throughout the program avoid high-resistance exercises to avoid excessive stresses on joints.
9. Perform resistance training two to three times weekly, allowing a 48-hour rest interval between sessions.
10.Modify exercises for age-related postural changes, such as excessive kyphosis, that can alter the biomechanics of
an exercise.
11.Avoid flexion-dominant resistance training that could emphasize postural changes.
12.When possible, use weight machines that allow the participant to perform exercises in a seated position to avoid
loss of balance.
13.Reduce the intensity and volume of weight training by 50% after a 1- to 2-week layoff.