Atom

 Atoms are particles of elements that

can not be broken down further
without changing the chemical
nature of the substance
 There are different models of the
structure of the atom
The Atomic Model
 Aristotle
 Demokritus
 Dalton
 Thomson
 Rutherford
 Bohr
 The quantum model (the accepted model)
Aristotle
Aristotle

 Aristotle(Greek philosopher)
argued that matter consist of:
 Earth

 Air

 Fire

 Water
Democritus (Greek
philoshoper)
Democritus (Greek
philoshoper)

 Matterconsist of a large number of

small unbreakable particle that can
not be seen (Atom).
Dalton’s Atomic Model
 Four basic ideas in Dalton's chemical atomic
theory:
1) chemical elements are made of atoms

2) the atoms of an element are identical in their

masses
3) atoms of different elements have different
masses
4) atoms only combine in small, whole number
ratios such as 1:1, 1:2, 2:3 and so on.
2. Thomson’s Atomic Model
2. Thomson’s Atomic Model
 In 1897, J.J. Thomson discovered the
electron, the first subatomic particle
 Thomson faced two major problems
 how to account for the mass of the atom when
the electron was only about 1/1000 the mass
of the hydrogen atom (the more modern
figure is 1/1836)
 how to create a neutral atom when the only
particle available was negatively charged.
2. Thomson’s Atomic Model
(plum pudding model)
 Here is a quote from the 1904 article:
“We suppose that the atom consists of
a number of corpuscles moving about
in a sphere of uniform positive
electrification . . . .”
2. Thomson’s Atomic Model
3. Rutherford's Atomic Model

 Rutherford announced the

discovery of alpha particle in Jan.
1906
 Research to determine the nature of
the alpha particles
 Rutherford Model
3. Bohr’s Atomic Model
 This model was created by Niels
Bohr, a Danish physicist.
 He proposed a model in which
electrons circle the nucleus in
"orbits" around the nucleus, much in
the same way as planets orbit the
sun.
The Niels Bohr Model
 Each orbit represents an energy level
which can be determined using
equations generated by Planck and
others discussed in more detail
below.
 The Bohr model was later proven to
be incorrect.
4. The Quantum Model
The "accepted" model.
 In the quantum model, the
electron cannot be found precisely,
but we can predict the probability,
or likelihood, of an electron being
at some location in the atom.
The Quantum Numbers
You should be familiar with
quantum numbers, a series of
three numbers used to describe
the location of some object (like
an electron) in three-
dimensional space.
1) The Principle Quantum
Number (n)
the principle quantum number,
an integer value (1,2,3...) that is
used to describe the quantum
level, or shell, in which an
electron resides.
The Principle Quantum
Number (n)
The principle quantum number is the
primary number used to determine
the amount of energy in an atom.
Using one of the first important
equations in atomic structure
(developed by Niels Bohr) the
amount of energy can calculated.
The Amount of Energy in
Atom

where:
R = Rydberg constant, a value of 1.097 X 107
per meter (m-1)
c = speed of light, 3.00 X 108 meters per second
(m/s)
h = Planck's constant, 6.63 X 10 -34 Joule-
seconds (J-s)
n = principal quantum number, no unit
2) The Azimuthal Quantum Number
(l)
A number that specifies a sublevel,
or subshell, in an orbital
The value of the azimuthal quantum
number is always one less than the
principle quantum number (n-1); 0,
1, 2,3 etc)
The Azimuthal Quantum Number
(l)
The values of l commonly called by their
historic names, "s, p, d, and f",
respectively
the quantum numbers were discovered
through the study of light and lines on an
electromagnetic spectra by their quality:
sharp, principal, diffuse and fundamental
The Azimuthal Quantum Number
(l)
 The table below shows the relationship:

Value of l Subshell designation

0 s
1 p
2 d
3 f
3) The Magnetic Quantum Number
(m)
Each subshell is composed of one or
more orbitals.
In the study of light, it was
discovered that additional lines
appeared in the spectra produced
when light was emitted in a
magnetic field.
3) The Magnetic Quantum Number
(m)
 The magnetic quantum number has
values between -l and +l.
 When l=1, for example, m can have
three values: -1, 0, and +1.
 The subshell designation for l=1 is "p",
the p orbital has three components.
3) The Magnetic Quantum Number
(m)
P orbital will be presented with px,
py, and pz.
The subscripts are related to a three-
dimensional coordinate system, x, y,
and z.
The chart below shows a summary of
the quantum numbers.
Summary of the Quantum Numbers.

Principal Azimuthal Magnetic Number of

Subshell
Quantum Quantum Quantum orbitals in
Designation
Number (n) Number (l) Number (m) subshell
1 0 1s 0 1
0 2s 0 1
2
1 2p -1 0 +1 3
0 3s 0 1
3 1 3p -1 0 +1 3
2 3d -2 -1 0 +1 +2 5
0
0 4s 1
-1 0 +1
1 4p 3
4 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
2 4d 5
-3 -2 -1 0 +1 +2
3 4f 7
+3
The Electrons in An Atom or A
Molecule
 The graphic below attempts to show
that earlier models thought that we
could identify the exact path,
position, velocity, etc. of an
electron or electrons in an atom.
The Graphic Electron in An Atom or A
Molecule
The Graphic Electron in An Atom or A
Molecule
The more accurate picture is that
the electron(s) reside in a "cloud"
that surrounds the nucleus of the
atom.
This concept is shown in the
graphic below:
The Graphic Electron in An Atom or A
Molecule
The Orbital

 Chemists are interested in predicting

the probability that the electron will
be at some particular part of this
cloud.
 The cloud is better known as an
orbital, and comes in several
different types, or shapes.
The Orbital

 Atomic orbitals are known as s, p, d,

and f orbitals.
 Each type of atomic orbital has
certain characteristics, such as
shape. For example, as the graphic
below shows, an s orbital is
spherical in shape
A S Orbital (spherical in shape)
A S Orbital (spherical in shape)

 The horizontal (x) axis represents the

distance from the nucleus in units of
a0, or atomic units.
 The value of a0 is 0.0529 nanometers
(nm).
 The vertical (y) axis represents the
probability density.
A S Orbital (spherical in shape)

 What you should notice is that as

the electron moves farther away
from the nucleus, the probability of
its being found at that distance
decreases.
 In other words, the electron prefers
to hang around close to the nucleus.
A 2S Orbital

 Each "s" orbital can hold two electrons in

its cloud.
 Notice how there is a relatively high
probability of an electron being near the
nucleus, then some space where the
probability is close to zero, then the
probability increases substantially at
some distance from the nucleus.
A 2S Orbital
A 2p Orbital

 Orbitals that are "p" orbitals can

hold up to six (6) electrons in their
cloud.
 Notice its "dumbbell" or "figure of
eight" shape
A 2p Orbital
A 3s Orbital (spherical shape)
A "3p" Orbital
Atomic Structure

 Atoms are made up of 3 types of

particles: electrons, protons and
neutrons which have different
properties
Particle of Atom

 Electron: 
 Proton:
 Neutron:
Electron

 Electrons are tiny, very light

particles that have a negative
electrical charge (-).
Proton

Protons are much larger and

heavier than electrons and have
the opposite charge, protons
have a positive charge
Neutron

Neutrons are large and heavy

like protons, however neutrons
have no electrical charge.   
Neutron

Eachatom is made up of a
combination of these particles. 
 Inan electrically neutral atom, the
positively charged protons are
always balanced by an equal number
of negatively charged electrons
Hydrogen Atom

 The proton and electron in atom H

stay together because just like two
magnets, the opposite electrical
charges attract each other
 The electron is constantly spinning
around the center of the atom (called
the nucleus). 
Hydrogen Atom
Hydrogen Atom

 The centrigugal force of the spinning

electron keeps the two particles from
coming into contact with each other
 The size is approximately 5 x 10-8 mm
 The electron is a wave that surrounds
the nucleus of an atom like a cloud. 
Hydrogen Atom: a proton surrounded
by an electron cloud
A Helium Atom

 Ithas two protons in its nucleus and

two electrons spinning around the
nucleus
 To keep the nucleus from pushing
apart, helium has two neutrons in its
nucleus. 
A Helium Atom
The Size of Atom

 To measure an atom size: atomic number

(Z) or Mass Number/Atomic Number
(A)
 Atomic Number = number of protons
 Mass Number = Ptotons + Neutrons
 Hidrogen: Z=1
 Helium: Z=2
Ions

Some atoms can either gain or lose

electrons (the number of protons
never changes in an atom)
If an atom gains electrons, the
atom becomes negatively charged. 
Ions

Ifthe atom loses electrons, the

atom becomes positively charged
(because the number of positively
charged protons will exceed the
number of electrons).
 Anatom that carries an electrical
charge is called an ion.
Hydrogen Ions

           
                                                 
  
H+ : a positively charged H : the H- : a negatively charged
hydrogen ion hydrogen atom hydrogen ion
Isotopes

While the number of protons for

a given atom never changes, the
number of neutrons can change. 
Two atoms with different
numbers of neutrons are called
isotopes
Two Isotopes of Hydrogen

                                                                

Hydrogen Deuterium 
Atomic Mass = 1 Atomic Mass = 2 
Atomic Number = 1 Atomic Number = 1