A group is a collection of two or more interacting individuals with a stable pattern of relationships who share common goals and

who perceive themselves as being a group.

Formal Groups

Command Groups

Task Groups

Formal groups are defined by the organizational structure:

Command groups Groups defined by the

organizational chart, i.e., the engineering group. Task groups Focus is on completing a task, i.e., quality circles.

Informal Groups

Interest Groups

Friendship Groups

Informal groups are groups that form to respond to common interests or social interaction:
Interest groups People working together

for a common interest. Friendship groups The focus is on people bonding together and sharing common characteristics.

 Security Status Self-esteem Power Goal

achievement Cultural identity

Security By joining a group, individuals can reduce the insecurity of standing along. People feel stronger, have fewer self-doubts, and are more resistant in threats when they are part of a group. Status Inclusion in a group that is viewed as important by others provides recognition and status for its members. Self-esteem Groups can fulfill social needs. People enjoy the regular interaction that comes with group membership. For many, the on-the-job interactions are their primary source of fulfilling their needs for affiliation.

Power There is strength in numbers. What cannot be achieved individually often becomes possible through group action.

Goal achievement There are times when it takes more than one person to accomplish a particular task there is a need to pool talents, knowledge, or power in order to complete a job. Cultural identity Many organizations evolve into a organizational culture creating a new environment for teamwork.

Forming caution, confusion, uncertainty. Storming tension, hostility, and intragroup conflict. Norming group norms and developing of close relationships. Performing - focusing on the accomplishment of the task. Adjourning getting closure.

High

Performing

Norming
Team Cooperation

Storming

Adjourning

Forming
Low Negative Neutral Synergy Positive

To engage in a set of expected behavior patterns that are attributed to occupying a given position in a social unit

Role Identity: Certain attitudes behaviour consistent with a role.

and

Role Perception: An individuals view of how he or she is suppose to act in a given situation.

Acceptable standards of behavior within a group that are adopted and shared by the groups members

Types of Decision
1.Programmed Decision is a decision that recurs often enough for a decision rule to be developed 2.Non-Programmed Decision is a decision that recurs infrequently and for which there is no previously established decision rule and it requires problem solving

-More complete knowledge and information -Increased diversity of views -Higher quality decisions -Acceptance of a solution

-Time Consuming -Conformity pressures in groups -Dominated by one or a few members -Ambiguous responsibility

Phenomenon in which the norm for consensus overrides the realistic appraisal of alternative courses of action.

A change in decision risk between the groups decision and the individual decision that members within the group would make; can be either toward conservatism or greater risk.

Group Decision-Making Techniques

Interacting groups
x Typical groups, in which members interact with each other face-to-face.

Brainstorming
x An idea-generation process that specifically encourages any and all alternatives, while withholding any criticism of those alternatives.

Nominal Group Technique

x A group decision-making method in which individual members meet face-to-face to pool their judgments in a systematic but independent fashion.

lectronic Meeting
x A meeting in which members interact on computers, allowing for anonymity of comments and aggregation of votes.