Ship Resistance

(NA-332)
Muhammad Shakeel
 Ship Resistance
Lecture Outline
• Introduction to Course
• Basic fluid properties
Introduction
Ship Resistance
• Credit Hours (3-1)
Description Contact Hours Credit Hours
Theory 48 3
Practical 48 1
Total 96 4

• Pre Requisite Knowledge:

• Mechanics of Fluid
• Ship’s Geometry and Hydrostatics
Introduction
Ship Resistance
• Text Book
• Ship Resistance and Propulsion, A. Molland, S. Turnock, D.
Hudson, Cambridge University Press, 2011

• Reference Book
• Ship Stability, Powering and Resistance Reed's Marine Engineering
Series: Volume 13 by Christopher Patterson Adlard Coles Nautical;
1st Ed (2014); ISBN 978-1-408176-12-2
Introduction
Course Learning Outcomes(CLO)
S. Taxonomy Corresponding PLO Emphasis Level
No Course Learning Outcome Domain Level

Understanding the importance of ship speed

1.  dependence on various components of ship Cognitive 2 1 (Engineering High
resistance Knowledge)

2.  To be able to predict ship resistance Cognitive 3 4 (Investigation) High

To be able to estimate ship resistance using

3.  modern commercial ship designing software Psychomotor 4 5 (Modern Tool Usage) High
 Ship Resistance
Assessment
• Quizzes (10-15%)

• Assignment (5-10%)

• Mini Project-(10-20%)

• OHT-1 (15-20%)

• OHT-2 (15-20%)

• End semester Exam (40-50%)

• Sub-Total (70%)

• Lab Experiments (70-80%)

• Sub-Total (30%)

• Total (100%)
 Ship Resistance
Course Outline
• Basic fluid properties

• Fluid viscosity and boundary layers

• Flow separation and pressure drag

• Dimensional analysis

• Scale effect and compensation

• Wave making resistance

• Model testing and full scale prediction

• Ship Resistance Prediction methods

• Elements of power and efficiency

Introduction
What is Naval Architecture
• Ship Hydrostatics and Stability
• Ship Hydrodynamics
• Resistance This semester
• Propulsion
• Manoeuvring

• Seakeeping
• Strength
• Design Synthesis
Introduction
Ship Performance Prediction
• Purpose of the ship performance prediction:
Maximize ship’s performance with minimum power requirement.

• Why?
• Speed is contractual design requirements;
• Optimum Power Requirements reduce ship cost;
• Lower Carbon Footprint and Fuel Consumption increase vessel’s sustainability
• Good Manoeuvring and Seakeeping performance increase vessel’s
controllability and operability.
Introduction
Ship Resistance and Propulsion
• The disturbance in the flow field caused by a ship motion results in
energy dissipation.

• Resistance: If the ship is pulled by indefinitely long pulling line, the

force in the line is equal to the ship resistance.
• Propulsion: a mechanism or system used to move a ship across
water.
 Basic Fluid Properties

Fluid Kinds
• Liquid : Slightly Compressible and occupy fixed volume
• Gas: Easily Compressible and expand to fill whole space available

Solid material within the fluid is in a state of stress involving

two kinds of stress component
• Direct Stress
• Shear Stress
 Basic Fluid Properties
Direct Stress
• Direct stresses act normal to the surface of an element of material and
the local stress is defined as the normal force per unit area of surface.
In a fluid at rest or in motion, the average direct stress acting over a
small element of fluid is called the fluid pressure acting at that point in
the fluid
 Basic Fluid Properties
Shear Stress
• Shear stresses act tangentially to the surface of an element of material and
the local shear stress is defined as the tangential force per unit area of
surface. In a fluid at rest there are no shear stresses. In a solid material the
shear stress is a function of the shear strain. In a fluid in motion, the shear
stress is a function of the rate at which shear strain is occurring, Figure, that is
of the velocity gradient within the flow.

• Where τ is shear stress and µ is a constant for that fluid

 Basic Fluid Properties
Viscosity and Density
• Fluids that generate a shear stress due to shear flow are said to be viscous
and the viscosity of the fluid is measured by µ, the coefficient of viscosity (or
coefficient of dynamic viscosity) or v = µ/ρ , the coefficient of kinematic
viscosity, where ρ is the fluid mass density. The most common fluids, for
example air and water, are only slightly viscous.
 Basic Fluid Properties
Steady Flow
In steady flow the various parameters such as velocity, pressure and density at
any point in the flow do not change with time. In practice, this tends to be the
exception rather than the rule. Velocity and pressure may vary from point to
point.

Uniform Flow
If the various parameters such as velocity, pressure and density do not change
from point to point over a specified region, at a particular instant, then the flow is
said to be uniform over that region.
 Basic Fluid Properties
Example
• Constant Section Pipe: Steady and Uniform Flow
• Tapering Pipe: Steady and Non Uniform Flow
• Flow Accelerating in constant section pipe: Non Steady and Uniform
• Flow Accelerating in tapering pipe: Non Steady and non Uniform
 Basic Fluid Properties
Streamline Flow
Streamline flow in fluids is defined as the flow in which the fluids flow
in parallel layers such that there is no disruption or intermixing of the
layers and at a given point, the velocity of each fluid particle passing
by remains constant with time.
 Basic Fluid Properties
Continuity of Flow
• Fundamental principles used in the analysis of uniform flow is known as the
Continuity of Flow. This principle is derived from the fact that mass is always
conserved in fluid systems regardless of the pipeline complexity or direction of
flow. Continuity exists on the basis that what flows in must flow out.
• For no flow through the walls and a constant flow rate, then for continuity ;

mass flow rate = ρ1A1V1 = ρ2A2V2 (kg/s)

• fluid is incompressible, ρ1 = ρ2
• A1V1 = A2V2 = volume flow rate m3 /s
• Q = A1V1 = A2V2 = constant
 Basic Fluid Properties
Forces Due to Fluids in Motion
• Forces occur on fluids due to accelerations in the flow. Applying Newton’s
Second Law:
Force = mass × acceleration
Force = Rate of change of momentum
• A typical application is a propeller where thrust (T) is produced by accelerating
the fluid from velocity from V1 to V2, and
T = m˙(V2 − V1)
where m is the mass flow rate
 Basic Fluid Properties
Pressure and Velocity Changes in a Moving Fluid
The changes are described by Bernoulli’s equation as follows

Where; H represents the total head, or total energy

represents the pressure head
represents the velocity head (kinetic energy)
represents the position or potential head (energy) due to gravity
Valid for following Assumptions;
• Frictionless
• Inviscid
• Steady
• Constant density
 Basic Fluid Properties
Pressure and Velocity Changes in a Moving Fluid
Bernoulli’s equation in terms of pressure is as follows

Where; represents Total Pressure

P= Static Pressure
= Dynamic Pressure
= Hydrostatic Pressure

Bernoulli’s equation in case of real fluids (with viscosity)

• Not Significant Error
• Influence of Viscosity in steady flow is usually confined to the immediate vicinity of
solid boundaries and wakes behind solid bodies
• The remainder of the flow (outer flow) behaves effectively as if it were inviscid