Nobel Prize in Physic in 1921 From the Theoretical Physics and Photoeletric effect.

By Group 1

y Born at Ulm, in Wrttemberg, Germany, on March 14,

1879.
y In his childhood, he moved to many places and

studied in many schools.

y In 1901, he received his bachelor in mathematics and

physics.
y In 1905, he obtained his doctor s degree.

y I 1

3, e ter a

arrie wit tw s s.

ileva

ari a

y After graduated, he

orked at the Patent Office here he produces much of his remarkable orks such as four papers published in the Annalen der Physik, the leading German physics journal.

Year 1904 1909 1909 1933 Worked at Patent Office Professor Extraordinary at Zurich Professor of Theoretical Physics at Prague Professor of Theoretical Physics at Princeton

y Theory of relativity y Mass-energy equivalence y Photoelectric effect effect y He also contributed in many other field. y He had published more than 300 scientific

orks.

y Special relativity is based on t o postulates

hich are

contradictory in classical mechanics:

y The la s of physics are the same for all observers in

uniform motion relative to one another (Galileo's principle of relativity),

y The speed of light in a vacuum is the same for all

observers, regardless of their relative motion or of the motion of the source of the light.

y The resultant theory has many surprising

consequences. Some of these are:

y Relativity of simultaneity: T o events, simultaneous for

some observer, may not be simultaneous for another observer if the observers are in relative motion. y Time dilation: Moving clocks are measured to tick more slo ly than an observer's "stationary" clock. y Length contraction: Objects are measured to be shortened in the direction that they are moving ith respect to the observer.

y Some of the consequences of general relativity are:

Time goes more slo ly in higher gravitational fields. This is called gravitational time dilation.
y Orbits process in a

ay unexpected in Ne ton's theory of gravity. (This has been observed in the orbit of Mercury and in binary pulsars).

y Rays of light bend in the presence of a gravitational field. y Frame-dragging, in

hich a rotating mass "drags along" the

space time around it.

y Technically, general relativity is a metric theory of

gravitation hose defining feature is its use of the Einstein field equations. The solutions of the field equations are metric tensors hich define the topology of the space time and ho objects move inertially.

y In physics, mass energy equivalence is the concept that

any mass has an associated energy, and that any energy has an associated type of mass. In special relativity this relationship is expressed using the mass energy equivalence formula
here E = total energy, m = mass, c = the speed of light in a vacuum (celeritas), (about 3108 m/sec) here total energy is the sum of kinetic energy and rest energy.In other ords, energy equals mass multiplied by the speed of light squared.

The photoelectric effect is a phenomenon in hich electrons are emitted from matter after the absorption of energy from electromagnetic radiation such as x-rays or visible light. The emitted electrons can be referred to as photoelectrons in this context. The effect is also termed the Hertz Effect,due to its discovery by Heinrich Rudolf Hertz, although the term has generally fallen out of use. Photoelectric effect takes place ith photons ith energies of about a fe eV. If the photon has sufficiently high energy, Compton scattering(~keV) or Pair production(~MeV) may take place.

y Study of the photoelectric effect led to important steps

in understanding the quantum nature of light and electrons and influenced the formation of the concept of ave particle duality.
y The term may also refer to the photoconductive effect

(also kno n as photoconductivity or photoresistivitity), the photovoltaic effect, or the photoelectrochemical effect.

y http://nobelprize.org/nobel_prizes/physics/laureates/

1921/einstein-bio.html
y http://en. ikipedia.org/ iki/Theory_of_relativity y http://en. ikipedia.org/ iki/Mass%E2%80%93energy

_equivalence
y http://en. ikipedia.org/ iki/Photoelectric_effect