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    Mueez Baloch
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    This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB). It begins with an introduction stating that TB is a prevalent, communicable, and infectious disease that involves the lungs. It then discusses the clinical situation, noting that TB is an ancient disease estimated to be over 17,000 years old, and is currently a leading cause of death among HIV-infected individuals. Statistics about TB in Pakistan are also provided. The document continues with sections on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment protocol for TB. It emphasizes the importance of the direct observed therapy (DOT) approach for TB treatment.

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    This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB). It begins with an introduction stating that TB is a prevalent, communicable, and infectious disease that involves the lungs. It then discusses the clinical situation, noting that TB is an ancient disease estimated to be over 17,000 years old, and is currently a leading cause of death among HIV-infected individuals. Statistics about TB in Pakistan are also provided. The document continues with sections on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment protocol for TB. It emphasizes the importance of the direct observed therapy (DOT) approach for TB treatment.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
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    5 views15 pages

    TB Finalized

    Uploaded by

    Mueez Baloch
    This document provides an overview of tuberculosis (TB). It begins with an introduction stating that TB is a prevalent, communicable, and infectious disease that involves the lungs. It then discusses the clinical situation, noting that TB is an ancient disease estimated to be over 17,000 years old, and is currently a leading cause of death among HIV-infected individuals. Statistics about TB in Pakistan are also provided. The document continues with sections on the etiology, pathophysiology, clinical features, and treatment protocol for TB. It emphasizes the importance of the direct observed therapy (DOT) approach for TB treatment.

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    of 15

    Inception with the Name of Allah the most

    Merciful and the most Beneficent.


    Tuberculosis
    Presented By: Salman Afzal
    Class No: 09 (E)
    Session: 2012-2017
    Outline:

    Introduction
    Clinical Situation
    Etiology
    Pathophysiology
    Clinical
    Features
    Treatment Protocol


    Introduction:

     Most Prevalent
     Communicable
     Infectious Disease
     Involves Lungs
    Clinical Situation

    Ancient Disease >>> 17,000 Years.


    Listed in Top 10 killer Infectious Diseases.
    World Wide Pandemic.
    Leading Cause of Death >>> HIV infected
    people.
    In Pakistan >>> approx. 70,000 Deaths.
    270,000 people >>> fall Sick annually.
    Etiology:

    Mycobacterium Tuberculosis
    Unusual:
    An outer waxy coat
    Acid Fast Bacilli
    Aerobic
    Non-Motile
    Highly Contagious
    Pathophysiology:
     Exposure or Inhalation (How you get exposed?)
     Tubercle Bacilli invasions → Apices of Lungs.
     Broncho-Pneumonia develops ,
     Exudation & Infiltration of Neutrophil granulocytes.
     Neutrophils are replaced by Macrophages.
     Macrophages then Ingest the Bacilli.
     Bacterial cell wall + Macrophage >>>Bacilli Replication
    Pathophysiology Conti……

     Necrotic Degeneration Occur,


     Production of Cavities filled with cheese like mass of
     Tubercle Bacilli
     Dead WBC,s
     Necrotic Lung tissue
     Drainage of Necrotic Material → Into
    Tracheobronchial Tree,
     Eruption of coughing
     Formation of Lesions
    Clinical Features:

     Productive Cough
     Weight Loss
     Fatigue
     Fever
     Night Sweats
    Treatment:

     Regimen for Treating T.B.


     Intensive Phase ( 2 months)
     Continuation Phase ( 4 or 7 months)
     Total 6-9 months of treatment
    Intensive Phase:

     Daily
     Isoniazid (INH)
     Rifampicin
     Pyrazinamide
     Ethambutol

     for 8 weeks approx. 56 doses.


    Continuation Phase:

     Daily
     Isoniazid (INH)
     Rifampicin

     For 18 weeks approx. 126 doses.


    Direct Observed Therapy (DOT).

     National T.B treatment guideline recommendation.


     What is DOT?
     Designatedindividual > provides T.B. drugs > watches the
    patient swallow every dose.
     Why Use DOT?
     Can’t predict
     People from all social classes
     Prevent T.B. from spreading
     Decreases risk of drug resistance
    Direct Observed Therapy (DOT)………
     Who Deliver DOT?
     Nurse or trained Health care worker.
     HOW the DOT administered?
     DOT include,
     Delivering Medications
     Checking Side effects
     Watching Patient Swallow medication
     Documenting Visits
     Answering Questions
    Thank You

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