MODULE 1 TOPICS:

1. PROTECTIVE RELAYS
2. PROTECTIVE RELAYS, TRANSMISSION SYSTEMS
3. CONTROL EQUIPMENT
4. SUBSTATION BATTERIES
5. SUBSTATION BATTERY TESTING
6. SUBSTATION BATTERY CHARGES
7. SUBSTATION BATTERY, CELL & CHARGER REPLACEMENT

Yashar Jokar
Hassan taha
1
Protective Relays

2
 Protective Relays Topics

• Introduction to Relays
• Overcurrent Relays
• Directional Overcurrent Relays
• Transformer protection Relays
• Line protection Relays
• Reclosing Relays
• Voltage Relays
• Auxiliary Relays
• Solid-State Replays

3
WHAT IS A PROTECTION RELAY:

The Institute of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IEEE) supplies the

following definition of a protective relay:
• A relay whose function is to detect defective lines or apparatus or other
power system conditions of an abnormal or dangerous nature and to initiate
appropriate control circuit action.
(IEEE C37.100-1992)

4
 PROTECTIVE RELAYS: AN EXPANDED
DEFINITION
• An electric device that is designed to respond to input conditions in a prescribed manner
and, after specified conditions are met, to cause contact operation or similar abrupt
change in associated electric control circuits.
• A relay may consist of several relay units, each responsive to a specified input, with the
combination of units providing the desired overall performance characteristic of the
relay. Inputs are usually electric but may be mechanical, thermal or other quantities or a
combination of quantities. Limit switches and similar devices are not [protective] relays.
(IEEE C37.100-1992 and C37.90-2005)

5
 SAFETY ASPECT OF THE RELAYS

If a conductor is accidentally re-energized, the relay

• Protect the worker by shunting fault current around him/her.
• Provide a solid low-resistance path to ground for the fault current, so the
system protective devices operate quickly.

Four Steps to Safety

When working on lines, consider them energized until these 4 steps are
completed:
1. Identify. Be certain you know which line you working on.
2. Isolate. Obtain visible openings. (Physically separate the conductors from all
electrical sources). Lock out & tag.
3. Test. Use a voltage detector to confirm the line is dead.
4. Ground. Install proper worker protection grounds.

6
General Safety Rules while working with the relays
• Speed is secondary to safety of workers.

• Inventory & visually check grounding equipment before & after each use. Replace if necessary.

• Install the clamp at the ground-end of grounding jumper first, & remove it last. Install the
conductor-end of the grounding jumper last, & remove it first.

• Use hot sticks, not rubber gloves, to attach & remove conductor clamps. When you make the
final connection, you might be picking up load & you don’t want to be close to a clamp when
that happens. Use a hots tick. The hear (arc flash) is the danger, more than the voltage, so keep
your distance.

• Don’t make contact any part of the worker protection grounds while they are being installed,
removed, or in place.

• Choose worker protection grounds that are able to carry the maximum available fault current
until protective devices have cleared the fault.

• When grounding tree wire, use hot-stick stripping tools to expose the conductor. In an
emergency, if hot-stick stripping tool are not available, use a spiking tool. Wear a rubber glove
after spiking when removing the cover.
7
 How Dead Conductors Become Hot

Equipotential grounding protects linemen working on de-energized overhead lines which

accidently become re-energized. Any of these conditions could energize the circuit:
• Operator error
• Switching equipment malfunction.
• Contact with a neighboring energized circuit.
• Backfeed from a customer’s generator.
• Induced voltages from adjacent energized lines.
• Lightning.
• The atmosphere. Wind blowing across conductors creates its own frictions, & blows
inductive fields downwind.

8
Fundamental Of Relay Protection

9
PROTECTION EQUIPMENT.1
a. Protection System: a complete arrangement of
protection equipment and other devices required to
achieve a specified function based on a protection
principal (IEC 60255-20)- NETA

b. Protection Equipment: a collection of protection

devices (relays, fuses, etc.). Excluded are devices
such as CT’s, CB’s, Contactors, etc.

c. Protection Scheme: a collection of protection

equipment providing a defined function and
including all equipment required to make the
scheme work (i.e. relays, CT’s, CB’s, batteries, etc.)

10
2. ZONES OF PROTECTION
2.1. Division of power system
into protection zones

11
2.2. Overlapping zones
of protection systems

12
3. RELIABILITY
Incorrect operation can be attributed to one of the following
classifications:

a. incorrect design/settings
b. incorrect installation/testing
c. deterioration in service

13
4. SELECTIVITY
4.1. Time Grading
4.2. Unit Systems

5. STABILITY
The term ‘stability’ is usually associated with unit protection schemes and refers to the
ability of the protection system to remain unaffected by conditions external to the
protected zone, for example through load current and external fault conditions.

14
 6. SPEED
Typical power/time relationship
for various fault types

15
7. SENSITIVITY
Sensitivity is a term frequently used when referring to the minimum operating
level (current, voltage, power etc.) of relays or complete protection
schemes. The relay or scheme is said to be sensitive if the primary operating
parameter(s) is low.

With modern digital and numerical relays the achievable sensitivity is seldom
limited by the device design but by its application and CT/VT parameters.

16
 8. PRIMARY AND BACK-UP
PROTECTION
Back-up protection systems should, ideally, be completely separate from the primary systems. For
example a circuit protected by a current differential relay may also have time graded overcurrent and
earth fault relays added to provide circuit breaker tripping in the event of failure of the main primary
unit protection. To maintain complete separation and thus integrity, current transformers, voltage
transformers, relays, circuit breaker trip coils and d.c. supplies would be duplicated. This
ideal is rarely attained in practice. The following compromises are typical:

a. separate current transformers (cores and secondary windings only) are provided.
This involves little extra cost or accommodation compared with the use of common
current transformers that would have to be larger because of the combined burden. This
practice is becoming less common when digital or numerical relays are used, because of
the extremely low input burden of these relay types.
b. voltage transformers are not duplicated because of cost and space considerations.
Each protection relay supply is separately protected (fuse or MCB) and continuously
supervised to ensure security of the VT output. An alarm is given on failure of the
supply and, where appropriate, prevent an unwanted operation of the protection.

17
c. trip supplies to the two protections should be separately protected (fuse or MCB).
Duplication of tripping batteries and of circuit breaker tripping coils may be provided. Trip
circuits should be continuously supervised.

d. it is desirable that the main and back-up protections (or duplicate main protections)
should operate on different principles, so that unusual events that may cause failure of
the one will be less likely to affect the other.

18
 9. RELAY OUTPUT DEVICES
9.1. Contact Systems The most common types encountered are as follows:

a. Self-reset
The contacts remain in the operated condition only while the controlling quantity is applied, returning
to their original condition when it is removed.

b. Hand or electrical reset

These contacts remain in the operated condition after the controlling quantity is removed. They can
be reset either by hand or by an auxiliary electromagnetic element.

. Contact types

19
 9.2. Operation Indicators

Protection systems are invariably provided with indicating devices, called 'flags', or 'targets', as a guide
for operations personnel.

Electrical indicators may be simple attracted armature elements, where operation of the armature
releases a shutter to expose an indicator as above, or indicator lights (usually light emitting diodes).

20
 10. TRIPPING CIRCUITS
There are three main circuits in use for circuit breaker tripping:

a. series sealing
b. shunt reinforcing
c. shunt reinforcement with sealing

21
 11. TRIP CIRCUIT SUPERVISION
The trip circuit includes the protection relay and other components, such as fuses, links, relay contacts,
auxiliary switch contacts, etc., and in some cases through a considerable amount of circuit wiring with
intermediate terminal boards.

22
23
Protection Relay Technology

24
 Relays may be classified according to the technology
used:

a. Electromechanical
b. Solid State
c. Digital
d. Microprocessor

25
1. ELECTROMECHANICAL RELAYS
These relays were the earliest forms of relay used for the protection of power systems, and they date
back nearly 100 years.

Electromechanical relays can be classified into several different types as follows:

a. Attracted armature

b. Moving coil

c. Induction

d. Thermal

e. Motor operated

f. Mechanical

26
27
28
2. STATIC RELAYS
The term ‘static’ implies that the relay has no moving parts.
Introduction of static relays began in the early 1960’s. Their design is based on the use of analogue
electronic devices instead of coils and magnets to create the relay characteristic.

Early versions used discrete devices such as transistors and diodes in conjunction with resistors,
capacitors, inductors, etc., but advances in electronics enabled the use of linear and digital integrated
circuits in later versions for signal processing and implementation of logic functions.

Selection of
static relays

Circuit board of static relay

29
3. DIGITAL RELAYS
Digital protection relays introduced a step change in technology. Microprocessors and microcontrollers
replaced analogue circuits used in static relays to implement relay functions. Early examples began to be
introduced into service around 1980, and, with improvements in processing capacity, can still be regarded as
current technology for many relay applications.

Compared to static relays, digital relays introduce A/D conversion of all measured analogue quantities and
use a microprocessor to implement the protection algorithm.

Selection of digital relays

30
 4. NUMERICAL RELAYS
The distinction between digital and numerical relay rests on points of fine technical detail, and is rarely
found in areas other than Protection. They can be viewed as natural developments of digital relays as a
result of advances in technology.
Typically, they use a specialized digital signal processor (DSP) as the computational hardware, together
with the associated software tools.

Circuit board for numerical relay

Typical numerical relays

31
GE
We have type of GE relays nowadays:
3 series , UR series , F series
Software Enervista

32
SIEMENS

we have :
• Siprotec 3
• Siprotec 4
• Siprotec 5
Software _ DIGSI 4
_ DIGSI 5
33
MICOM
• It can be manufacture by Schneider electric co.
• It can be manufacture by Alstom ( now it is GE ) Agile Type.
 Series
1. 10 series (Schneider Co.) 2. 20 series (Schneider Co.)
3. 30 series (Schneider Co.) 4. 40 series ( Both )
5. P14,P94 Series ( Alstom , GE series )
 Software
1. If Schneider electric then Easergy studio as the software
34

2. If Alstom (GE) then Micom agile as the software

ABB

1. ASEA & ABB

2. Spacom series
3. 5 series
4. 6 series
Software 1. Spacom CAP 501 , CAP 505
2. FOR 5 Series CAP 530 , Cap 540
3. FOR 6 Series PCM 600 35
QUESTION & ANSWER
 SUBSTATION TYPES

• Single Supply

• Multiple Supply

• Mobile Substations for emergencies

• Types are defined by number of transformers, buses, breakers to

provide adequate service for application
 INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION
ARRANGEMENTS

38
GE CONSUMER & INDUSTRIAL
MULTILIN
INDUSTRIAL SUBSTATION
ARRANGEMENTS
 Utility Substation Arrangements

Bus 1

Bus 2

Breaker-and-a-half –allows reduction of equipment cost by using 3 Ring bus –advantage that one breaker per circuit. Also
breakers for each 2 circuits. For load transfer and operation is each outgoing circuit (Tx) has 2 sources of supply. Any
simple, but relaying is complex as middle breaker is responsible to breaker can be taken from service without disrupting
both circuits others.
 Utility Substation Arrangements

Main bus

Aux. bus
Main
Reserve
Transfer

Bus 1
Tie breaker

Bus 2

Double Bus: Upper Main and Transfer, bottom Main-Reserved and Transfer Bus: Allows
Double Main bus maintenance of any bus and any breaker
 Switchgear Defined
• Assemblies containing electrical switching, protection, metering and
management devices
• Used in three-phase, high-power industrial, commercial and utility
applications
• Covers a variety of actual uses, including motor control, distribution
panels and outdoor switchyards
• The term "switchgear" is plural, even when referring to a single
switchgear assembly (never say, "switchgears")
• May be a described in terms of use:
• "the generator switchgear"
• "the stamping line switchgear"
SWITCHGEAR EXAMPLES
 SWITCHGEAR:
METAL CLAD VS. METAL-ENCLOSED
• Metal-clad switchgear (C37.20.2)
• Breakers or switches must be draw-out design
• Breakers must be electrically operated, with anti-pump feature
• All bus must be insulated
• Completely enclosed on all side and top with grounded metal
• Breaker, bus and cable compartments isolated by metal barriers, with no
intentional openings
• Automatic shutters over primary breaker stabs.
• Metal-enclosed switchgear
• Bus not insulated
• Breakers or switches not required to be draw-out
• No compartment barriering required
 SWITCHGEAR BASICS [1]
• All Switchgear has a metal enclosure
• Metal clad construction requires 11 gauge steel
between sections and main compartments
• Prevents contact with live circuits and
propagation of ionized gases in the unlikely
event of an internal fault.
• Enclosures are also rated as weather-tight for
outdoor use
• Metalclad gear will include shutters to ensure
that powered buses are covered at all times,
even when a circuit breaker is removed.
 SWITCHGEAR BASICS [2]
• Devices such as circuit breakers or fused switches provide protection against
short circuits and ground faults
• Interrupting devices (other than fuses) are non-automatic. They require control
signals instructing them to open or close.
• Monitoring and control circuitry work together with the switching and
interrupting devices to turn circuits on and off, and guard circuits from
degradation or fluctuations in power supply that could affect or damage
equipment
• Routine metering functions include operating amperes and voltage, watts,
kilowatt hours, frequency, power factor.
 SWITCHGEAR BASICS [3]
• Power to switchgear is connected via Cables or
Bus Duct
• The main internal bus carries power between
elements within the switchgear
• Power within the switchgear moves from
compartment to compartment on horizontal bus,
and within compartments on vertical bus
• Instrument Transformers (CTs & PTs) are used
to step down current and voltage from the
primary circuits or use in lower-energy
monitoring and control circuitry.
QUESTION & ANSWER
Over Current relays OC & EF
Directional OC & Directional EF

49
50
51
52
53
54
55
56
Power Transformer & Line Protection Functions
Transformer Protection Functions
Power
Transformer
Protection
1

59
INTRODUCTION

Transformer is a static device used to transform the

electrical energy from one alternating current circuit to
another without any change in frequency.
Power Transformer is a vital link in a power
transmission system and distribution.
A Power Transformer is an expensive part of a power
network.
The impact of a transformer outage due to fault is
more serious than a transmission line outage. 60
TRANSFORMER PROTECTION

 The type of protection for the transformers varies depending on the

application and the importance of the transformer.

 Transformers are protected primarily against faults and overloads.

 The type of protection used should minimize the time of disconnection for
faults within the transformer and to reduce the risk of catastrophic failure.

61
WHY USE TRANSFORMER ???

 To reduce of transmission losses.

 For increasing the low voltage level to high voltage level.

 The voltage level of a power is increased, the current of the power is reduced which
causes reduction in ohm or I2R losses in the system.

 Low level power must be stepped up for efficient electrical power transmission.

 To Protect the Transformer from severe damages.

 Time required to rectify the Transformer in case of damages is more and it is very
difficult.

 Operation of a power network when the power transformer is out of service is

62
always difficult.
WHY USE TRANSFORMER ???

• A Power Transformer fault therefore often is a more severe disturbance for the
network than an overhead line fault which usually can be repaired rather quickly.

7 63
INDUCTION LAW

 The transformer is based on two principles:

1. An electric current can produce a magnetic field.
2. A changing magnetic field within a coil of wire induces a voltage
across the ends of the coil

64
POWER TRANSFORMER

 Term power transformer is used to refer to those transformers used in the

generator and the distribution circuits, and these are usually rated at 500 KVA
and above.

 Power systems typically consist of a large number of generation locations,

distribution points, and interconnections within the system or with nearby
systems, such as a neighboring utility.

65
POWER TRANSFORMER DIAGRAM

66
WHAT CAUSE TRANSFORMER FAILURE?

 Insulation Breakdown
 Over heating due to over excitation
 Oil contamination and leakage
 Cooling system failure
 Phase to phase and Phase to Ground Fault
 Turn to Turn Fault
 Transformer Overload

67
WHAT CAUSE TRANSFORMER FAILURE?

 Winding failures 51%

 Tap changer failures 19%

 Bushings failures 9%

 Terminal board failures 6%

 Core failures 2%

 Miscellaneous failures 13%

68
WHAT CAUSE TRANSFORMER FAILURE?

 Winding  Bushing

 Insulation deterioration come from:  Bushings deterioration come from:

 General aging
 Moisture
 Contamination
 Vibration
 Cracking
 Overheating  Internal moisture
69

 Voltage surge
WHAT CAUSE TRANSFORMER FAILURE?

 Core problem  Miscellaneous

 Insulation deterioration come from:  Bushings deterioration come from:

 Core insulation failure  CT problem

 Shorted lamination  Oil leakage

 Core overheating  Oil contamination

• Metal particle 70

• Moisture
TRANSFORMER FAULTS

Internal faults External faults

1. Overloads
1. Winding Failure
2. Overvoltage
2. Winding inter-turn faults
3. Over heating
3. Core insulation failure, shorted
4. External system short circuits.
laminations

4. Over fluxing.
71
TRANSFORMER FAULTS

Mechanical Electrical
1. Buchholz relay 1. Bias Differential Protection (87)

2. Sudden pressure 2. Over Fluxing (24)

3. Over Voltage (59)

3. Pressure relief
4. Under Voltage (27)
4. Temperature protection
5. Neutral Unbalance (64R)

6. Restricted Earth Fault (64REF)

72
7. Back up O/C & E/F (50/51/67).
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

 The Buchholz relay protects the transformer from internal

faults. It is the gas actuated relay.

73
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

74
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

 The Buchholz relay is placed between the main tank and the
conservator.

 Such type of relay is used in the transformer having the rating higher
than 500KVA.

 It is not used in small transformer because of economic consideration.

75
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

 When the fault occurs inside the transformer, the temperature of the oil
increases. The oil evaporates in the form of the gas.

 The generation of the gas depends on the magnitude of the fault occurs
inside the transformer.

 The internal failure occurs in the transformer either because of the insulation

breakdown between the winding or the winding have the weak initial contact.
76
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

77
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

 The relay has two elements 1st stage and 2nd stage. The 1st stage for
alarm and the 2nd stage for trip.

 The 1st stage work on the accumulation of sufficient gas in the relay chamber
and the 2nd stage work on the high velocity of oil caused due to evolution of
gases as a result of high energy faults.

 The setting of 1st stage is done at collected gas volume of 300 to 500ml.
 The setting of 2nd stage is done at oil flow velocity of 100cm/s .
78
BUCHHOLZ RELAY PROTECTION

79
SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY PROTECTION

• This relay is designed to detect a sudden pressure increase caused by arcing or

internal faults.

80
SUDDEN PRESSURE RELAY PROTECTION

• This protection performs better and faster than Buchholz relay 2nd stage protection.
The relay detects a sudden rise in pressure. The alarm is set at 0.32kg/sqcm and
trip at 0.6kg/sq cm per second.

81

26
PRESSURE RELIEF PROTECTION

 This is used to evacuate any over pressure inside the transformer

to avoid explosion of the transformer tank.
 
 The pressure relief device limits the tank overpressure and reduces the
risk of tank rupture and uncontrolled oil spill, which might also cause a
fire.

82
PRESSURE RELIEF PROTECTION

28 83
FIRE PROTECTION

 It can occur because of deterioration of insulation in the transformer.

 This produces arcing which in turn overheats the insulating oil and
causes the tanks to rupture; further arcing then will start a fire.

 Fires are also initiated by lightning and occasionally by dirty insulators

on the outside of the tanks.

84
FIRE PROTECTION

85
LIGHTNING PROTECTION

 Lightning overvoltage surges originate from atmospheric discharges

and they can reach their peak within a few microseconds and
subsequently decay very rapidly.

 The charge from the surge produces both short duration high current
impulse and long duration continuing current impulse which affects the
transformer insulation system.

86
LIGHTNING PROTECTION

87
CELICA GEL BREATHER

 Silica gel breathers is used on the conservator of oil filled transformers.

 The purpose of these silica gel breathers is to absorb the moisture in the
air sucked in by the transformer during the breathing process.

88
CELICA GEL BREATHER

89
CELICA GEL BREATHER

 During the breathing process, the incoming air may consist of moisture
and dirt which should be removed in order to prevent any damage.
 Hence the air is made to pass through the silica gel breather, which will
absorb the moisture in the air and ensures that only dry air enters in to
the transformer.
 Silica gel in the breather will be blue when installed and they turn to
pink colour when they absorb moisture which indicates the crystals
should be replaced.
 These breathers also have an oil cup fitted with, so that the dust
particles get settled in the cup.
90
CELICA GEL BREATHER

91

3
OIL LEVEL GAUGE

 Transformers with oil conservator (expansion tank) often have an oil

level monitor.
 Usually, the monitor has two contacts for alarm.
 One contact is for maximum oil level alarm and the other contact is for
minimum oil level alarm.
 When oil level is low from fixed minimum oil level
then minimum oil level alarm is ringing.
 When oil level is high from fixed maximum oil level
then maximum oil level alarm is ringing.
92
OIL LEVEL GAUGE

BLADD
@R

OIL LWEL
G+UOE

RELAY

SHUT-
OFF¥ALVE

TRAN4FORNER
TANK
93
OIL LEVEL GAUGE AND ITS IMPORTANCE

• Proper oil level yital for transformer safety

• Indicates monitors oil level in conservator tank
• Magnetically coupled to float arm in oil (no glands used)
• Enables
— Detection of oil leakages
— Preparation for replenishment of oil
— Protection of transformer against low oil level
• Low level oil switch:
—Float actuated, operates if oil falls below predetermined level 94
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

 This scheme is employed for the protection of transformers against

internal short circuits. It provides the best overall protection for internal
faults.
 It compares the current entering the transformer with the
current leaving the element.

 If they are equal there is no fault inside the zone of protection

 If they are not equal it means that a fault occurs between the two ends. 95
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

• It can detect the any faults occurred in the zone of protection of

transformer (CT zone).

96
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

97
DIFFERENTIAL RELAY PROTECTION

98
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULTS RELAY PROTECTION

 Restricted Earth Fault (REF) means an earth fault from a

restricted/localized zone of a circuit.

 The term "REF protection method " means not to sense any earth faults
outside this restricted zone. This type of protection is prevalent in Dyn
group of transformers (Delta Primary and Star Secondary).

99
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULTS RELAY PROTECTION

100
RESTRICTED EARTH FAULTS RELAY PROTECTION

 Differential protection has excellent operation in most fault cases, but in the
situations that a single phase to ground fault that current increases slightly and
causes differential protection not to detect the fault.

 Restricted earth fault (REF) relay can be used as a complementary

of differential protection.

 Differential relay will operate for earth faults inside the zone only if the earth fault
current is more than the bias setting in the relay. The normal bias setting in a
101

differential relay is 20%.

RESTRICTED EARTH FAULTS RELAY PROTECTION

 So, complete earth fault protection

is not possible with differential relay.
That is why you need a restricted
earth fault relay with sensitive
settings like 5%.

102
OVER FLUXING PROTECTION

 A transformer is designed to operate at or below a maximum magnetic flux

density in the transformer core.

 The flux in the core increases with either increasing voltage or decreasing
frequency.

 Flux density can be formulated : B = V/F

103
OVER FLUXING PROTECTION

 During startup or shutdown of generator-connected transformers, or

following a load rejection, the transformer may experience an
excessive ratio of volts to hertz.

 Over fluxing relays are so adjusted, that for every transient over flux
condition the transformer does not trip for maintaining the power
system stability.

 But it should trip as soon as the duration and severity of the

104
condition crosses the specified safe limit
EARTH FAULT BACK UP PROTECTION

 The back up earth fault protection (51N)

take current signal from the neutral CT of

the Transformer.

 This is the last back up protection for

un-cleared ground faults.

105
OVERCURRENT BACK UP PROTECTION

 Over Current is applied against external short circuit and excessive

over loads.

 It operates whenever the current pass CTs exceed the setting values.

 These over current are mostly Inverse Definite Minimum Time (IDMT) or
Definite Minimum Time (DMT).

 The setting is done at 300% of the rated current and no case shall be less
than 175%.
106
SUMMARY

107
SUMMARY

108
Condition Monitoring For Transformers:
QUESTION & ANSWER
Line Protection Functions for Over Head Line
Type of protection that we use at Line protection:

Line Protection Both of the relays is operation together but one

of them send tripping to trip coil No1 & another
send tripping to trip coil No.2
Main Back up
Protection Protection
Acc to Basic each coil has it’s own power
supply.
67/67N
50/51
21/21N 50N/51N 63 KV Up to 132 KV
27&59, 79
CBF,Stub,SHZ ‌If non of them operate properly so CBF function
will operate.
21/21N
67/67N
21/21N 50/51
50N/51N
230 KV Up to 400 KV
27&59
CBF,Stub,SHZ
 21P(Phase-Phase distance)
 21N(Phase-Earth distance)
 Power Swing Blocking(Usually For 400 KV)
 79(Autoreclosing)
 25(Synchronizing check)
 67(Directional Over Current)
 67N(Directional Earth Fault)
 59(Over Voltage)
 27(Under Voltage)
 PUTT
 POTT

 Alstom Or Schneider Electric Co. (LFZP,LFZR,P441,P442,P443,P435,…)

 ABB(REL511,316,670,…)
 Siemens(7SA51,7SA52,7SA61,7SA62,….)
 GE(D30,D60,D90,….)
 SEL
 NARI
 Fault Location (Distance to fault)
 Alternative setting groups
 CT supervision
 CB state monitoring
 CB condition monitoring
 CB control
 Measurement of voltages, currents, etc.
 Event Recorder
 Disturbance Recorder
 CB failure detection/logic
 S.O.T.F.( Switch On To fault)
 Negative sequence protection
 Stub-bus protection
 Broken conductor detection
Why OC Or DOC protection is not reliable and perfect for lines?
Impedance at this moment is equal to :
aZs+ZL
But if the CB is closed SO we have:
½ Zs+ZL
Then If the Impedance is go down then fault current is going UP, because of
that we use distance relays to isolate such an issues from fault current
situation.

G G

N.O.
N.C.

Fault

Load
 Graded distance zones
Z3
t = grading time
time Z2 t3
Z1 t2

t1

A B C D
D1 D2 D3

distance
Grading rules:
Safety margin is 15 %:
Z1 = 0,85 ZAB - line error
- CT, VT error
Z2 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 ZBC) - measuring error
Z3 = 0,85 (ZAB + 0,85 (ZBC + 0,85 ZCD))
  Determination of grading times (At numerical relays 250 ms are possible )

2nd Zone: It must initially allow the 1st zone on the neighbouring feeder(s) to clear the fault.
The grading time therefore results from the addition of the following times:

• operating time of the neighbouring feedermechanical 25 - 80 ms

static: 15 - 40
digital: 15 - 30

+ circuit breaker operating time HV / EHV: 60 ms (3 cycles) / 40 ms (2 cycles) MV

up to about 80 ms (4 cycles)

+distance relay reset time mechanical: approx. 60-100 ms static: approx.

30 ms
digital: approx. 20 ms

+errors of the distance relay internal timers mechanical: 5% of the set time, minimum 60-100 ms
static: 3% of the set time, minimum 10 ms
digital: 1% of the set time, minimum 10 ms

+distance protection starting time * mechanical: O/C starter: 10 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
static: O/C starter: 5 ms, impedance starter: 25 ms
digital: generally 15 ms

+ safety margin (...) grading; mechanical-mechanical: 100 ms

static/digital-mechanical or vice versa: 75 ms
digital-digital or static-static 50 ms
 Typical time/distance characteristics for three zone distance protection
 Needed Information for Setting Distance Or Line protection relays:

)
Power system

Variation of relay voltage with system source

to line impedance ratio
 Plain Impedance Characteristic

RAB is the angle by which the fault current lags the relay voltage for
a fault on the line
AB and RAC is the equivalent leading angle for a fault on
line AC
AM for all faults behind the bus bars up to an impedance
AL represents the reach of instantaneous Zone 1 protection, set to
cover 80% to 85% of the protected line

Disadvantages :

 It is non-directional
 It has non-uniform fault resistance coverage

 It is susceptible to power swings and heavy loading of a

long line, because of the large area covered by the
impedance circle
  Offset Mho/Lenticular Characteristics
 Under close up fault conditions
 the relay voltage falls to zero or near-zero,

A. Third zone and bus bar back-up zone

 In this application it is used in conjunction

with mho
measuring units as a fault detector and/or
Zone 3 measuring unit.
 with the reverse reach arranged to extend
into the
bus bar zone
 It will provide back-up protection for bus bar faults.

 benefit of the Zone 3 application is for Switch-on-to-Fault (SOTF)

protection.
 B. Carrier starting unit in distance schemes
with carrier blocking.

 If the offset mho unit is used for starting carrier

signaling, it is arranged as shown in Figure:

 Transmission is prevented for internal

faults by operation
of the local mho measuring units.

 allows high-speed fault clearance by the

local and
remote end circuit breakers.
  Quadrilateral Characteristic
 The characteristic is provided with forward reach and
resistive reach settings that are independently
adjustable.

 It therefore provides better resistive

coverage than
any mho-type characteristic for short lines.
 To avoid excessive errors in the zone reach
accuracy, it is common to impose a maximum
resistive reach in terms of the zone impedance
reach.

 Polygonal impedance characteristics are

highly
flexible in terms of fault impedance coverage
for both phase and earth faults.

 Most digital and numerical distance relays now offer this

form of characteristic.
DISTANCE SCHEMES

Pilot Aided Schemes Non-Pilot Aided Schemes

(Step Distance)

Communication between No Communication

between Distance Relays
Distance relays
129
STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

• Zone 1:

• Trips with no intentional time delay

• Under reaches to avoid unnecessary operation for faults beyond remote terminal
• Typical reach setting range 80-90% of ZL
• Zone 2:

• Set to protect remainder of line

• Overreaches into adjacent line/equipment
• Minimum reach setting 120% of ZL
• Typically time delayed by 15-30 cycles
• Zone 3:

• Remote backup for relay/station failures at remote terminal 130

• Reaches beyond Z2, load encroachment a consideratio n 45 /

STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

131
STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

132
STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

133
STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

134
STEP DISTANCE SCHEMES

135
STEP DISTANCE PROTECTION

136
STEP DISTANCE COORDINATION

137
NEED FOR PILOT AIDED SCHEMES

138
PILOT COMMUNICATIONS CHANNELS

• Distance-based pilot schemes traditionally utilize simple on/off communications

between relays, but can also utilize peer-to-peer communications and GOOSE
messaging over digital channels
• Typical communications media include:
o Pilot-wire (50Hz, 60Hz, AT)
o Power line carrier
o Microwave
o Radio
o Optic fiber (directly connected or multiplexed channels) 139
DISTANCE-BASED PILOT PROTECTION

140
PILOT-AIDED DISTANCE-BASED SCHEMES

 DUTT – Direct Under-reaching Transfer Trip

 PUTT – Permissive Under-reaching Transfer Trip

 POTT – Permissive Over-reaching Transfer Trip

 Hybrid POTT – Hybrid Permissive Over- reaching Transfer Trip

 DCB – Directional Comparison Blocking Scheme

 DCUB – Directional Comparison Unblocking Scheme

141
DIRECT UNDERREACHING TRANSFER TRIP (DUTT)

• Requires only underreaching (RU) functions which overlap in reach (Zone 1).
• Applied with FSK channel
o GUARD frequency transmitted during normal conditions
o TRIP frequency when one RU function operates
• Scheme does not provide tripping for faults beyond RU reach if remote breaker is
open or channel is inoperative.

• Dual pilot channels improve security 142

DUTT SCHEME

143
PERMISSIVE UNDERREACHING TRANSFER TRIP (PUTT)

• Requires both under (RU) and overreaching (RO) functions

• Identical to DUTT, with pilot tripping signal supervised by RO (Zone 2)

144
PUTT SCHEME

145
PERMISSIVE OVERREACHING TRANSFER TRIP (POTT)

• Requires overreaching (RO) functions (Zone 2).

• Applied with FSK channel:
o GUARD frequency sent in stand-by
o TRIP frequency when one RO function operates
• No trip for external faults if pilot channel is inoperative
• Time-delayed tripping can be provided
146
POTT SCHEME

147
POTT SCHEME

148
POTT SCHEME

149
POTT SCHEME

150
POTT SCHEME

151
POTT SCHEME

152
HYBRID POTT

• Intended for three-terminal lines and weak infeed conditions

• Echo feature adds security during weak infeed conditions

• Reverse-looking distance and oc elements used to identify external faults

153
HYBRID POTT

154
  DISTANCE RELAY APPLICATION EXAMPLE

Example network for distance

relay setting calculation

Distance relay parameters for example

 Line Impedance
Z1 Phase reach (80%) Line Impedance

48.42<80 °Ω

Z2 Phase reach (120%) protected Line Impedance

OR Protected line plus 50% of next line

Z3 Phase reach
QUESTION & ANSWER
Other PROTECTION Or CONTROL Functions
 Auto-Recloser Or 79 :

Why we use 79 :
It can be 1 pole Or 3 pole operation.
A lot of fault can be transient , so 79 function can be really useful.

1- At distribution system we use reclosing to give the consumer the better service.
2- At Transmission system we use 79 as the purpose of stability.

Some of the most important of reclosing function is as below:

1- Dead Time
2- Reclaim Time
3- Single or Multi shot Reclosing
All above will get from network and equipments
Single-shot auto-reclose scheme operation for a transient fault
Operation of single-shot auto-reclose scheme on a permanent fault
Example HV/EHV Application:
Stub Bus Protection  If DS of the line is open we do not have
voltage sample for line protection relay
Bus A
such as Distance.
 So STUB is going to help Us
Open
disconnector

When disconnector is open,

distance protection may have
incorrect VT reference
Stub bus overcurrent elements are
Bus B brought into service
Circuit Breaker Failure
50BF
Back trip

Two stage
Fast reset (12ms)
External initiation
One timer per phase
Retrip

Trip

BF
INIT

From other device

 tBF1 and tBF2 Separate Delay Timers

 Fault and Disturbance Records
 Analogue channels
Prefault Postfault
 Digital channels
 Sample 48-MORE times per cycle Or
More
 2.4kHz OR MORE Resolution at 50Hz
Or More and also the same story for 60
HZ

Fault location:
 Distance to fault
 V and I measurements
Generator protection Functions
 Generator protection functions:

I – For insulations failures III – For Generator transformer protections

Differential Differential protection
Inter-turn fault Bias test
Stator Earth Fault (95% & 100%) 2nd harmonics restrained.
Rotor Earth fault (2 Stage) REF protection

II – For abnormal running conditions

Loss of excitation (field failure)

Unbalanced loading (negative phase sequence)

Pole sleeping
Over frequency / Over speed
Overvoltage
Reverse/Forward power
Impedance/Over current back-up protection, etc…
Generator protection single line diagram
I – For insulation failures protection

1. Generator differential protection (87 G)

It is unit type protection, covering the stator winding for phase to phase faults due to
breakdown of insulation between stator phase windings. This relay is not sensitive for
single line to earth faults as the earth fault current is limited due to the high neutral
earthling resistance.

If CTs of identical ratios are used on neutral and line side of generator, an operating
current setting of 20% it can be adopted. It is instantaneous in operation and it trips the
generator breaker (Class – A) to eliminate the system in – feed to the fault along with
field breaker and turbines.

For all machines of ratings 10 MVA and above, this protection shall be provided.
Diagram:

Settings:
Pickup Value of Differential Current: 0.10 I/InO
T I-DIFF> Time Delay: 0.00 sec
Pickup Value of High Set Trip: 2.0 I/InO
T I-DIFF>> Time Delay: 0.00 sec

Generator differential protection (87 G)

2. Inter-turn fault protection of the stator winding (64GIT)

Formerly, this type of protection was considered unnecessary because breakdown of

insulation between points on the same phase winding, contained in the same slot, and
between which a potential difference exists, will very rapidly change into an earth fault,
and will be detective by either the differential protections or the stator earth fault
protection.

An exception is the generator designed to produce a relatively high voltage in

comparison to its output and which therefore contains a large number of conductors per
slot.

With the size and voltage output of generators increasing, this form of protection is
becoming essential for all generating units.
Diagram:

Inter-turn fault protection of the stator winding (64GIT)

The recommended relay is the high impedance relay having

a setting range of 10-40% of rated current.
Settings:

L-E Voltage of Faulted Phase Uph Min 110 V

L-E Voltage of Unfaulted Phase Uph Max 110 V
Uen> Earth Displacement Voltage 10 V
T-DELAY TRIP Uen/3U0 0.50 sec
 
The purpose of generator backup protection

It is a common practice to use the differential relay as primary fault protection for the
generator. Backup fault protection is also highly recommended to protect the generator from
the effects of faults that are not cleared because of failures within the normal protection
scheme. The backup relaying is automatically applied to provide protection in the event of a
failure at the eneration station, on the transmission system, or both.

protection for generators in case of a failure at the generation station Specific generating station
failures would include the failure of the generator or Generator Step Up (GSU) transformer
differential scheme. On the transmission system, failures would include the line protection
relay scheme or the failure of a line breaker to interrupt.
Table of contents:

1. Implementation of backup fault protection

2. Standard overcurrent relays
3. Voltage-dependent relays
4. Voltage supervised overcurrent relays
1. Voltage-controlled and voltage-restrained relays
2. Application options and fault sensitivity
5. Other distance relay applications
Generator online protection scheme
Generator protection relay SEL-700 functionalscheme
ANSI OR IEC PROTECTION SYMBOLE
Protection relays functions & standard
Symboles
Question & Answer
Testing relays with Omicron CMC 356 Test Equipment Device

185
Documents & Schematic Diagram

186
187
188
189
Power Supply For SUB1&2

190
Current From CT (Core 1 & 2 )

191
Voltage From VT

192
Binary Outputs of protection relay

193
Binary Inputs of protection relay

194
Trip Circuit Supervision

195
Protection Relay test Equipment

196
Test Block for isolating protection relay at test sequence

197
Aux Supply of Protection Relay

198
 Va
3 Phase Voltage Test

Vb
Output Up to 125 V Block
VaVbVc Vn EX:

Vc
Vn
MMLG01

Voltage output From Omicron To

Voltage Input of Protection Relay

199
How to enable Or Disable Voltage
output of Omicron

200
 Ia
3 Phase Current Test

Ib
Output Up to 12.5 A Block
Ia Ib Ic In EX:

Ic
In
MMLG01

Current output From Omicron To

Current Input of Protection Relay
201
How to enable Or Disable Current
output of Omicron

202
 Binary Input From Omicron To
Binary Output of Protection Relay

Test
Block
EX:

MMLG01

203
How to enable Or Disable Binary
Input of Omicron

204
Negative (- ) of
DC From Any
where at
Schematic
diagram

Test
Block
EX:

MMLG01
Positive (+) of
DC From Any
where at
Binary Output From Omicron To
Schematic
Binary Input of Protection Relay
diagram

205
How to enable Or Disable Binary Out put of
Omicron

206
1- Current Test

A. Measurement
A.1. Magnitude
A.2. Phase
A.3. Frequency

B. Current Pick up / Drop off %

Pick up
1.01 A
point
I Set (A)
Drop off
0.98A
Point

207
C. Time Test
C.1. DMT (DT)
C.2. IDMT(Curve)

208
209
How TMS Works At
IDMT Curves?

210
2- Differential test
A. Measurement
A.1. Magnitude
A.2. Phase
A.3. Frequency

B. 2nd harmonic blocking test

C. 5th harmonic blocking test

D. Time test for Stage 1 & stage 2 ( Idiff> , Idiff>> )

E. Stability Test By 6 Phase injection current

F. Characteristics curve
 3- Distance test
A. Measurement
A.1. Magnitude
A.2. Phase
A.3. Frequency

B. Zone Reach Test

C. Time Test
Question & Answer
Revision 2
October 26th, 2005
Enervista
Use Enervista to Simplify Your Workflow Process

Industry-Leading Suite of Software Tools to Manage your Relays and Meters

EnerVista Suite
Device Setup & Document Management Toolset
 Easily configure IEDs from a single Application
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 Receive Automatic Notification of new updates
Tool for Creating Control Logic, Simulation Testing, and
Commissioning
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Enervista Launchpad
Easy to use Device Setup & Document Management Toolset

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Enervista Launchpad
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Enervista Launchpad
Easy to use Device Setup & Document Management Toolset
Settings Configuration
• Communicate with Multiple relays at the same time
• Configure settings both On-Line and Offline
• Copy and Pasting settings
• Easy to navigate menu tree
• Quick connect communications
• Common look and feel for all products setup programs

Metering
• Status of all inputs and outputs
• Real-Time monitoring of Phasor diagrams
• Analyzing of Current and Voltage Harmonics
• Viewing of Alarms and Relay Front Panel

Troubleshooting
• Analyzing of Event Records
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• Compare relay settings with setting file
 Enervista Launchpad
Easy to use Device Setup & Document Management Toolset

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Languages Supported in UR setup
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Infrastructure in place to support other languages

 Enervista Viewpoint
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Easy to use Monitoring and Data Recording for Tool for Control Logic Creation, Simulation Troubleshooting and Reporting Tools
Small Systems Testing, & Commissioning
(IEC 61850 Option available)

 
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 Viewpoint Monitoring
Easy to use Monitoring and Data Recording for Small Systems
PLUG-AND-PLAY MONITORING GLOBAL COMTRADE VIEWER

Pre-configured screens for instant View Waveforms Recorded From your

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SINGLE-LINE MONITORING AND CONTROL TRENDING REPORTS

View Single-Line monitoring screens Historical Record of Monitored Data

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AUTOMATIC EVENT AND WAVEFORM RETRIEVAL AUTOMATIC EVENT AND WAVEFORM RETRIEVAL

Effortless Data Archiving Instant Alarm Notification

 Viewpoint Monitoring: Plug-and-Play
How to Save Time and Costs with Viewpoint Monitoring

OVERVIEW ALARMS LEARNED

Operating condition of your motor Active Alarms detected by the relay Learned motor and RTD data

Status of your GE Multilin Relay Latched Alarms that require clearing Learned motor load
METERING TRIP MAINTENANCE
All metering quantities (Amps, Volts, Power, Demand) Cause of the last motor trip Trip counters and motor Starts

Motor temperature monitored by the RTD’s Pre-trip data Total motor running hours
 Viewpoint Monitoring
Plug and Play Monitoring Applications

Motor Monitoring
Power Quality Monitoring

Feeder Monitoring Backup Power Monitoring

Transformer Monitoring Breaker Monitoring

Generator Monitoring
 Viewpoint Monitoring
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system
• Includes a library of meters and Dials to graphically represent any metered
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 Viewpoint Monitoring
Automatic Event and Waveform Retrieval
Event Logging
• Automatic download of events which are stored in a system wide Sequence of
Event Record
• Devices continually polled to check for new Events
• Sort and Query system event record to view events categorized by date, device
type, timestamp, or customized criteria
• No configuration required

Waveform Archiving
• Waveform files from GE Multilin Devices automatically downloaded from a device
and stored on your hard drive
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• Diagnose waveform fault data recorded in your power system device in a Time-
based, Phasor Quantity and Tabular view
 Viewpoint Monitoring
Trending Reports

Historical Record of monitored data

• Trend up to 500 data points
• Records data with 1 minute resolution indefinitely
• View data in time based graphical or tabular format

Annunciator Alarming

Instant Alarm Notification

• Create alarms on any monitored analog or digital
data point
• Receive alarm warnings through Audio, Visual
or Email notification

Supported Devices
 Viewpoint Monitoring
Third Party Device Support

• Add any third party device that

supports RTU or Modbus TCP/IP protocol

• Add non-GE Multilin devices in your facility to your Viewpoint

Monitoring and Control System

• Third Party devices can be used in your:

• Single Line Diagrams
• Annunciator Panel
• Trending Reports
 Viewpoint Monitoring
IEC 61850 Option
Leverage all* of the power and functionality of Viewpoint Monitoring
and expand it to
communicate with any IEC 61850 compliant device

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IEC 61850 devices in your substation

*Automatic Waveform and Event retrieval for third party devices shipping in 2006
Viewpoint Monitoring
Ordering Information

* Shipping Q4, 2005

Viewpoint Engineer

Graphical Control Logic Tool that offers Real-time Feedback of Logic Status
 Viewpoint Engineer
Graphical Flexlogic Designer
Design Control Logic in this intuitive, easy to use IEC 1131 Graphical Logic Designer
• Simplify the process of creating complex control logic for Substation Automation such as advanced
Tripping, Reclosing and Transfer Schemes.
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configuration tools

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other to understand
• Create settings offline without having to communicate with the relay

Powerful Intuitive Logic Compiler

Analyses logic for potential problems in logic such as:
• detecting infinite loops in logic
• using inputs and outputs, or protection, control and monitoring elements that have not been
configured properly
• using Virtual Outputs that have not been assigned
• using inputs for hardware or features that is not available on your relay

Optimizes control logic equations to obtain maximum efficiency and to use the fewest possible lines of
logic
 Viewpoint Engineer
Real-Time Flexlogic Analyzer
Analyze the Status of each component of your UR Flexlogic in Real-Time

• Identify which inputs are triggering and enabling each logic gate

• Ascertain why your control logic is not operating as you expected

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operating
 Viewpoint Engineer IEC 61850 System/Substation
Device Logic Designer System/Substation Designer
Designer

• Create Logic in an Graphical IEC 1131 Editor • Link Control Logic from multiple UR Devices • Link Control Logic from multiple UR Devices
• Analyze status of logic in Real-Time • Create Setting Files for multiple UR’s • Create Setting Files for multiple UR’s in IEC 61850
• Analyze the status of Peer-to-Peer messages in format
Real-Time • Analyze the status of Peer-to-Peer messages in Real-
• Shipping Q1, 2006 Time
• Shipping Q4, 2006
Viewpoint Engineer
Ordering Information
Viewpoint Maintenance
Troubleshooting and Reporting Tools

Helping Electrical Staff gather Fault Diagnostics, Security Audits and Device Status
 Viewpoint Maintenance
Software Tool that creates reports to simplify all Maintenance Tasks
Viewpoint Maintenance will provide the following reports to simplify all maintenance tasks
• Fault Diagnostics Repot
• Device and Equipment Status Report
• Settings Security Report

Fault Diagnostics Device Status and Health Settings Security

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At the click of a button Viewpoint

Maintenance will gather all required ...Viewpoint Maintenance then automatically packages and
information including pertinent Settings compresses these files into a single .zip file...
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Logger and Health Reports...

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emailing to your engineers or instantly emails to GE Tech
support
Viewpoint Maintenance
Equipment Status Reports
Viewpoint Maintenance
Setting Security Report
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Easily Integrate GE Multilin Devices into an existing Systems

 EnerVista Integrator
Powerful OPC / DDE Communications Server
EMS / DCS / SCADA
Eliminates the need for Integrators to create
memory maps for every GE Multilin device
integrated into a system

HMI

Communications Server

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devices
EnerVista Integrator
Powerful OPC / DDE Communications Server
Contains the Memory Map for 40 GE Multilin devices and over 200 firmware
versions

SR750 F35 PQMII D60 SR469

EnerVista Integrator
 EnerVista Integrator
Powerful OPC / DDE Communications Server
Makes it easy to integrate Multilin Devices into existing Systems
 EnerVista Integrator
Automatic Event and Waveform Retrieval

Event Logging
• Automatic download of events which are stored in a system wide Sequence of
Event Record
• Devices continually polled to check for new Events
• Sort and Query system event record to view events categorized by date, device
type, timestamp, or customized criteria
• No configuration required

Waveform Archiving
• Waveform files from GE Multilin Devices automatically downloaded from a device
and stored on your hard drive
• Devices continually polled to check for new Waveforms
• Diagnose waveform fault data recorded in your power system device in a Time-
based, Phasor Quantity and Tabular view
EnerVista Integrator
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Monitor Energy Consumption from different parts of a facility and allocate costs to various
departments based on the energy they used
EnerVista Software
Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY MOTOR MONITORING
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• Number of Motor Starts

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY FEEDER MONITORING

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• Breaker Status

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(Amps, Volts, Demand, Energy)

• Synchronism data

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY TRANSFORMER MONITORING
Instantly view critical data including:

• Transformer Energization Status

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(Amps, Transformer Loading, Demand)

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• Tap Changer Position

• Hottest Winding Temperature

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY GENERATOR MONITORING
Instantly view critical data including:

• Generator Loading

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY POWER QUALITY MONITORING
Instantly view critical data including:

• Power Quality and Equipment Status

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on the power system

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY BACKUP MONITORING
Instantly view critical data including:

• Availability of Normal and Emergency

power sources

• Status of Power Source connections

• Real time voltages and frequency

• Switch status, Timer settings, and

control Switch Position

• Stored Events and Exerciser Schedules

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Viewpoint Monitoring
PLUG-AND-PLAY BREAKER MONITORING
Instantly view critical data including:

• Breaker Status

• Number of breaker trip operations

• Real time Current, Voltage and

Power levels

Back to Presentation
 Viewpoint Monitoring
Appendix A – Supported Devices
The following Devices and Firmware Versions are supported by Viewpoint
Motor Prote ctionMonitoring Version 5.00
Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d Tra nsform e r Prote ction Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d
239 2.3x, 2.4x, 2.5x, 2.6x SR745 2.4x, 2.5x, 2.6x, 2.8x
269 6.0x 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x,
T35
369 1.6x, 1.7x, 1.8x, 1.9x, 2.0x 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
SR469 2.5x, 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 4.0x 1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
T60
2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x , 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
M60
3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x Tra nsm ission Line Prote ction Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d
MM2 4.0x, 4.1x, 5.0x, 5.1x D30 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
MM3 1.0x. 1.1x, 1.2x 1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
RRTD 1.4x, 1.5x D60
3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
SPM 2.0x, 2.1x
1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
Fe e de r Prote ction Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d L90
3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
SR735/737 1.5x
1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
SR750/760 3.6x, 3.7x, 4.0x, 5.0x, 6.0x L60
3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
F650 1.3x, 1.4x
Controlle rs Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d
1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
F35 Micro Versa Trip Units 5.16
3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
Enhanced Micro Versa Trip Units 4.13
1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x, 1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
F60 C30
3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
Bus Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d 1.8x, 2.0x, 2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x,
C60
2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x , 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x
B30
3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x Me te rs Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d
Ge ne ra tor Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d EP M 5000P 3.9
SR489 1.3x, 1.4x, 1.5x EPM 5200/ E PM 5300/ EPM 5350 2.4
2.2x, 2.4x, 2.6x 2.8x, 2.9x , 3.0x, 3.1x, EP M 9450/ E PM 9650 217
G60
3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x PQM 3.3x, 3.4x, 3.5x, 3.6x
Tra nsfe r Sw itche s Firm w a re Ve rsion Supporte d PQMII 1.0x, 2.0x, 2.2x
MX150 5.4x, 6.0x
MX250 5.4x, 6.0x Back to Presentation
 Viewpoint Maintenance
Software Tool that creates reports to simplify all Maintenance Tasks

Devices Supported Firmware Versions

 
B30 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
C30 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
C60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
D30 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
D60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
F35 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
F60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
G30 4.4x, 4.6x
G60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
L60 4.6x
M60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
T35 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
T60 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 3.0x, 3.1x, 3.2x, 3.3x, 3.4x, 4.0x, 4.2x, 4.4x, 4.6x
SR469 2.5x, 2.6x, 2.8x, 2.9x, 4.0x
SR489 1.3x, 1.4x, 1.5x
SR745 2.4x, 2.5x, 2.6x, 2.8x
SR750/760 3.6x, 3.7x, 4.0x, 5.0x, 6.0x

Back to Presentation
Question & Answer
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
 Instrument Transformers
What is an Instrument Transformer ?:

• It is a transformer that is used in conjunction with any measuring instrument (i.e., Ammeter,
Voltmeter, Wattmeter, Watt-hour-meter, …etc.)or protective equipment (i.e., Relays).

• It utilizes the current-transformation and voltage transformation properties to measure high ac current
and voltage.
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Types of instrument transformers :

These instrument transformers are of two types:-

1. Current transformers
2. Potential Or Voltage transformers
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
Applications of Instrument Transformers:

• For measurement of high ac current, it is usual to use low range ac ammeter with
suitable shunt.
• For measurement of high ac voltage, low range ac voltmeters are used with high
resistances connected in series.
• For measurement of very high ac current and voltage, we cannot use these
methods. Instead, we use specially constructed HV instrument transformers to
insulate the high voltage circuit from the measuring circuit in order to protect the
measuring instruments from burning.
 INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS
• Application of Instrumentation Transformers In dc circuits for current
and voltage measurement, we use low range dc ammeters and
voltmeters with rectifiers connected in their secondary circuits.
• The vast primary application of Instrument Transformers is for the
protection and control of power system and power equipment of high
and very high ratings.
• The working of these instrument transformers are similar to those of
the ordinary transformers.
INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Basic Construction and Magnetic Circuit of Instrument Transformers

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Polarity of Instrument Transformers

INSTRUMENT TRANSFORMERS

Common connections of instrument transformers

 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
What is current Transformer (CT)?:
• A current transformer is a transformer, which produces in its secondary winding low current, which is
proportional to the high current flowing in its primary winding.
• The secondary current is usually much smaller in magnitude than the primary current.
• The design of CT depends on which type of instrument is connected to its secondary winding.
Measuring instrument OR Protective instrument.
-Measuring instrument CT is expected to give accurate results up to a maximum of 125% of its
normal full-load rated current.
-Protective instrument CT is expected to be accurate for up to 20 times of its normal full-load rated
current (about 2000% of its full-load rated current!!..??).
• Based on the type of equipment for which the Ct is used for, its saturation point will vary. At the same
time it is expected to be linear in the entire working range.
CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Construction of C.T.:

• C.T. has a primary coil of one or more turns made of thick wire connected in
series with the line whose current is to be measured.
• The secondary consists of a large number of turns made of fine wire and is
connected across an ammeter or a relay’s terminals.
CONSTRUCTION TYPES OF CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS

Window-type Bar-type
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Function of CT:
• The principal function of a CT is to produce a proportional current at a level of
magnitude, which is suitable for the operation of low-range measuring or
protective devices such as indicating or recording instruments and relays.
• The primary and secondary currents are expressed as a ratio such as 100/5 or
1000/5 .
• With a 100/5 ratio CT, 100A flowing in the primary winding will result in 5A
flowing in the secondary winding, provided that the correct rated burden is
connected to the secondary winding.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

“Class” of a CT:

• The extent to which the actual secondary current magnitude differs from the calculated
value, expected by the virtue of the CT ratio, is defined as the accuracy “Class” of the
CT.
• The greater the number used to define the class, the greater the permissible “current
error” [the deviation in the actual secondary current from the calculated value].
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Specifications of CT:
CTs should be specified as follow:
RATIO : Input / output current ratio
VA: Total burden (rating) including pilot wires.
Common burden ratings are 2.5, 5, 10, 15 and 30 VA. For example:
• Moving iron ammeter is 1-2 VA
• Moving coil rectifier ammeter is 1-2.5 VA
• Electro-dynamic instrument is 2.5-5 VA
• Maximum demand ammeter is 3-6 VA
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS

CLASS : The accuracy required for the operation

DIMENSIONS: Maximum & minimum limits. For example:
• 0.1 or 0.2 for precision measurements.
• 0.5 for high grade kilowatt hour meters and commercial grade kilowatt hour meters.
• 3 for general industrial measurements.
• 3 or 5 for approximate measurements.
BURDEN (OHMIC): (Depending on pilot lead length)
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Current Transformers Stepping:
• These are used with low range ammeters to measure current in high voltage alternating
circuits where it is not practical to connect instrument and meters directly to lines.
• They are step-up transformers (voltage ratio) because when we step-up the voltage the
current decreases.
• The current is a step-down in a known ratio called the current ratio .
 CONNECTIONS OF CURRENT
TRANSFORMERS

Single-Ratio Multi-Ratio CT
CT
Multi-ratio CT:
• As indicated in the previous Figure, current transformers having a center tapped secondary are
referred to as a dual ratio CT.
• Dual ratio CT are used in applications where it is necessary to have available two ratios of
primary to secondary current from the same secondary winding of the CT.
• This may be accomplished by adding a tap in the secondary winding to get a second ratio.
• The ratio obtained by the tap is usually one-half the ratio obtained by the full secondary
winding.
• A schematic example is previously shown with 200 amperes flowing in the primary, a
connection X2 – X3 will produce 5 amperes out of the secondary. As the load grows to 400
amperes, the secondary circuit will be reconnected to X1 – X3 to still produce 5 amperes in the
secondary circuit.
 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Working (Measurement):

• If a current transformer has primary to secondary current ratio of 100:5 then it steps up the voltage 20
times and step down the current 1/20 times of its actual value.
• If we know the current ratio and the reading of an a.c. ammeter, the primary current can be calculated as:

Primary Current = CT ratio × ammeter reading

 CURRENT TRANSFORMERS
Why CT secondary should never be open ?:
• Ammeter resistance is very low ,the current transformer normally works as a short-circuited instrument.
• If for any reason the ammeter is taken out of secondary winding then the secondary winding must be
short-circuited with the help of a short-circuit switch.
• If this is not done, then a high m.m.f. (Ampere-turns IT) will set up a high flux in the magnetic core and it
will produce excessive core loss which produce heat and high voltage across the secondary terminals .
• The high voltage can damage any electronic components in secondary side.
• Hence the secondary of any current transformer should never be left open.
Construction of the DOUGHNUT Type C.T. :  
The most common type of C.T. construction is the “DOUGHNUT”
type. It is constructed of an iron toroid, which forms the core of the
transformer, and is wound with many secondary turns.

Secondary Winding Primary Conductor

Iron Core
• The `doughnut' fits over the primary conductor, which constitutes one primary turn. If
the toroid is wound with 240 secondary turns, then the ratio of the C.T. is 240 : 1 or
1200 : 5A

• The continuous rating of the secondary winding is normally 5 AMPS in North

America, and 1 AMP or 0.5 AMP in many other parts of the world.

• This type of `doughnut' C.T. is most commonly used in circuit breakers and power
transformers. The C.T. fits into the bushing, and the porcelain bushing fits through the
centre of the `doughnut'.

• Up to four C.T.'s of this type can be installed around each bushing of an oil circuit
breaker. This arrangement is shown in a following diagram.
Substation Class Circuit Breakers' CTs

Polyester Taped Bushing CT on

Outdoor Circuit Breaker
CT Turns-ratio (TR)
Transformer Ratio = Primary Current
_____________________
Secondary Current

Primary Current Secondary Current

(100 amps) (5 amps)

100
___ = 100:5 or 20:1
5
Polarity Direction of
Secondary Current
Direction of
Primary Current
X1 IEEE Secondary
IEEE H1
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1

Primary current into “polarity” forces

Secondary current out of “polarity”
 Direction of
Polarity Secondary Current

X1 IEEE Secondary
IEEE H1
S1
IEC Polarity
Primary Marks
Polarity
Marks IEC P1

Direction of
Primary Current

Primary current into “non-polarity” forces

Secondary current out of “non-polarity”
 CT Metering Accuracy

Since actual secondary current

= Rated secondary current

Then:

The difference in % is known as the

“Accuracy” or “Class”
of the CT
Burden
Load connected to CT secondary
Includes devices & connecting leads
Expressed in ohms
Standard values = B0.1, B0.2, B0.5, B0.9, B1.8
E0.04, E0.2
 CT accurate Burden Calculation

ZT = RCT + RL + ZB
ZT = Total burden in ohms (vector summation of
resistance and inductance components)
RCT = CT secondary resistance in ohms @75 deg C
RL = Resistance of leads in ohms (Total loop distance)
ZB = Device impedance in ohms
CT Saturation
Factors Affecting Degree and Time to Saturation
1. High DC offset
2. High fault current Magnitude (symmetrical current)
Example:
•100 to 5 CT@20 times= 2000 amps.
•Also @20,000 amps we have 200 times CT
3. Low CT Turns Ratios
4. High secondary burden
5. Low CT Accuracy (Class)
6. High reminance flux
• Can occur if current interrupted when core is saturated
• If DC flows in windings during testing
• Need a voltage above 60% of knee point to reduce the Reminance to less than 10% of saturation flux
density.
 Tips for Avoiding CT Saturation
1. Use higher ratio CTs
2. Use separate set of high ratio CTs for high fault current
tripping
3. Reduce secondary burden by:
-Selecting low burden relays & meters
-Distributing single phase burdens among phases
-Increasing the size of secondary leads
-Reducing the length of secondary leads
-Using “step down” auxiliary CTs
Avoiding CT Saturation
with Linear Operation
(Knee limit of the Curve)
CT Actual Connections

Typical window CT
 Power Transformers’ CT Connections
Slip over current transformer for installation over exterior
of outdoor bushing

Outdoor Type BO7 for Retrofit

Substation Class Circuit Breakers’ CT’s
Ground Shield

Outdoor BO7 - Replaces BCT’s in

shielded aluminum housing
Generators CT Connections

Board Mounted Generator CT

POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
What is a Potential Transformer (PT) or (VT)?:

• A PT or sometimes called VT is a step-down transformer having many primary turns but few
secondary turns.
• In a step-down transformer the voltage decreases and the current increases, thus voltage can be
easily measured by using a low-range voltmeter instrument.
• The voltage is stepped-down in a known ratio called the voltage ratio.
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Construction and working of P.T.:
Construction
• A potential transformer has many primary winding turns but few number of secondary winding turns that makes it a step-
down transformer.
• A Voltmeter is connected to the secondary winding is usually a voltmeter of 150 V.
Working (Measurement):
• Primary terminals are connected in parallel across the line to which the voltage is to be measured.
• The voltmeter reading gives the transformed value of the voltage across the secondary terminals.
• The deflection of the voltmeter when divided by the transformed ratio gives the actual voltage across the primary winding as:

The Line voltage = deflection / transformation-Ratio

Where transformation ratio = V2/V1
 POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Precaution for P.T.:

• Since the secondary of a p.t. is connected to relays, their ratings are usually
40 to 100 Watts.

• For safety purpose the secondary should be completely insulated from the
high voltage primary and should be in addition grounded.
POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Types of P.T. :
Some types of p.t. are:
• Shell type
• Dry type
• Oil type
Rating Type
1. Below 5000 v Shell type
2. 5000-13800 v Dry type and oil type
3. Above 13800 v only oil type
Potential Transformer
Common Ratios
VP
14,400/120 = 120/1
4200/120 = 35/1
2400/120 = 20/1

Vs

Relay
CONNECTIONS OF 1-PHASE POTENTIAL TRANSFORMERS
Other PT and 3-Phase Typical Connections

Open Delta Connection Y – Y Connection

(2) Double Bushing VTs (3) Single Bushing VTs
Other PT and 3-Phase Typical Connections

Y – Broken Corner  VT
Connection

damping resistor R
Other PT and 3-Phase Typical Connections

Y-Y/Broken Corner  Connection

Basic important rules for Instrument Transformers
Rule # 1

Never open circuit a current

transformer secondary while the primary
is energized
CTs are intended to be proportional current devices. Very high voltages can
result from open circuiting the secondary circuit of an energized CT. Even
very small primary currents can cause damage.
Rule # 2
Never short circuit the secondary
of an energized VT

VTs are intended to be used as proportional voltage

devices. Damaging current will result from short
circuiting the secondary circuit of an energized VT.
Rule # 3
CT secondary leads must be
added to the CT burden

Electronic relays usually represent very little

burden to the CT secondary circuit. In many
cases the major burden is caused by the CT
secondary leads.
Rule # 4
Never use a 60 Hz rated VT
on a 50 Hz System

60 Hz VTs may saturate at lower frequencies and

exceed temperature limitations. VT failure is likely…
severe equipment damage is possible.
Question & Answer
318