PHENOMENOLOGICAL

RESEARCH

R U S L I N A B I N T I R A Z A L I ( S 2 11 8 5 6 8 )
P WA 8 0 0 5 – Q U A L I TAT I V E R E S E A R C H
7 - 4 - 2 0 2 2 ( T H U R S D AY )
2.00PM-4.00PM
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

1. Definition 2. Features 3. Types

4. Procedures 5. Challenges
1. DEFINITION
1. The common meaning for several individuals of their lived
experiences of a concept / a phenomenon (John W. Cresswell,
2018 p.75).

2. Focus on what all participants have in a common as they

experience a phenomenon (John W. Cresswell, 2018 p.75).

3. An ‘object’ of human experience (Van Manen, 1990 in John

Cresswell, 2018 p.75).

4. As beginning with wonder at what gives itself & how something

gives itself (Van Manen, 2014 in John Cresswell, 2018 p.75)
ORIGINS OF PR
 PR has strong philosophical component.
 German Mathematician Edmund Husserl (1859 – 1938; 1970).
 Popular in social and health sciences especially in sociology,
psychology, nursing and health sciences and education (John
Cresswell, 2018 p. 75).
2. FEATURES
1. Emphasize on a phenomenon to be explored, phrased in
terms of single concept or idea.

2. The exploration with a group of individuals who have all

experienced the phenomenon.
Heterogenous Group (size 3 - 4 individual to 10 -15) – John Cresswell,
2018, p 76

3. Turns on the lived experiences of individuals (subjective

and objectives experiences).
2. FEATURES
4. The researchers bracket himself /herself out of the study by
discussing personal experiences.

Bracketing is a process of setting aside one’s beliefs, feelings

and perceptions to be more open and faithful to the phenomenon
(Colaizzi, 1978; Streubert & Capenter, 1999 in John Cresswell p. 352).

5. Data collections – * interviewing individuals who have experienced

the phenomenon.
- * some PR involves sources of data, such as poems, observations
and documents.
2. FEATURES
6. Data analysis – follow systematics procedures (from the narrow units
of analysis – on to broader units – on to detailed descriptions that
summarize two elements:-

“ What” the individuals have experienced and “How” they experienced

it (Moustakas, 1994) in John Cresswell, 2018 p. 77).

5. Data collections – * interviewing individuals who have experienced

the phenomenon.
- * some PR involves sources of data, such as poems, observations
and documents.
3. TYPES OF PHENOMONOLOGY (John
W.Creswell, 2018)
1. Hermeneutic 2. Empirical, Transcendental,
Phenomenology Psychological Phenomenology
(Moustakas, 1994)
(van Manen, 1990, 2014)
1. HERMENEUTIC PHENOMENOLOGY
(VAN MANEN, 1990, 2014)

- Describes research as oriented toward lived experience

(phenomenology).
- Interpreting the ‘texts’ of life (hermeneutics; p.4 in John
Cresswell, 2018 p. 77).
 2. EMPIRICAL, TRANSCENDENTAL, PSYCHOLOGICAL
PHENOMENOLOGY (MOUSTAKAS, 1994)

- Focus on description of the experiences of participants.

- Focus on Husserl concepts (epoche, or bracketing).
- Transcendental means “in which everything is perceived freshly, as
if for the first time “ (Moustakas, 1994 in John Cresswell, 2018 p.
78)
4. PROCEDURES
PR
5. CHALLENGES PR
1. Need To Understand Broader Philosophical Assumptions And Researchers Should

Identify These Assumptions In Their Studies.

2. Finding Individuals Who Have All Experienced The Phenomenon May Be Difficult.

3. Bracketing Personal Experiences May Be Difficult For The Researcher To Implement

Because Interpretations Of The Data Always Incorporate The Assumptions That The

Researcher Brings To The Topic (van Manen 1990, 2014) in John Cressw.ell, 2018 p. 81
 6. EXAMPLES PHENOMENOLOGICAL
RESEARCH
• Cth Jurnal Kuali - Psychology\Family Dynamics and deliquency
-Understanding the experience of female adolescents with their families.pdf

• Cth Jurnal Kuali - Psychology\Psychotherapy and despair in the prison setting.pdf

 1) TITLES: FAMILY DYNAMICS AND DELIQUENCY
-UNDERSTANDING THE EXPERIENCE OF FEMALE ADOLESCENTS WITH THEI
R FAMILIES
MELATI SUMARI, DINI FARHANA BAHARUDIN, IDA HARTINA AHMED THARBE, NORSAFATUL AZNIN A. RAZAK AND NORFAEZAH MD KHALID
(2021)
JOURNAL OF CRIMINAL PSYCHOLOGY

OBJECTIVES - To explore the family experiences of delinquent adolescents

RESEARCH - Descriptive phenomenological research design.

DESIGN

SAMPLES - Purposive sampling

(adolescents 14 to 17 years of age; have a minimum of 3- month rehabilitation period
remaining, mentally healthy and willing to participate with parents’ consent).
DATA - In – depth interviews, reflective journals and field notes.
COLLECTION - Bracketing Technique included

DATA - Performed verbatim transcription and data management using Atlas.ti software
ANALYSIS - Triangulation was performed to ensure data rigour and trustworthiness

FINDINGS - 5 themes found, 1) Life without guidance; 2) Alienation and isolation; 3) Conflict
on how the family is managed; 4) I’m still a little child; 5) Prisoner at home
 2) TITLES:
PSYCHOTHERAPY AND DESPAIR IN THE PRISON SETTING
JOANNA GEE, DEL LOEWENTHAL AND JULIA CAYNE (2015)
INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF PRISONER HEALTH
OBJECTIVES To explore psychotherapists’ experience of working with despair, in the UK prison
setting
RESEARCH Qualitative phenomenological approach
DESIGN

SAMPLES - Purposive sampling

(accredited psychotherapists who had previously experienced working with a client in
despair in a UK prison setting.)
- Ten psychotherapists (7 females, 3 males)
DATA Interview (one informal, semi-structured, face-to-face interview)
COLLECTION

DATA - Bracketing Process

ANALYSIS - Transcripts followed the four stages of the method of EPA (Giorgi, 1985)

FINDINGS - 5 themes generates,

- 1) the prisoner’s experience of despair; 2) therapeutic response to despair; 3)
barriers to working therapeutically in the prison setting; 4) evocation in the
psychotherapist; and 5) supporting the psychotherapist.
TERIMA KASIH