WIND TURBINE CONTROL

Wind Energy Explained

Chapter 8, pp. 359-406 (*figures from text)
David Peters
8.1 Introduction
Things to control statically:
•storage of wind speed measurements
•health usage monitoring
•release parking brake
•blade pitch settings
•electrical contacts to power grid
Things to control dynamically:
•blade collective and cyclic pitch
•nacelle yaw angle
•generator torque
•rotor RPM
•rotor shutdown in high winds
Examples of control systems
10kW Bergey Excel
Lagerwey LW18/80
ESI-80
Vestas V47-660/200 kW
Enron Wind 750i
8.2 Overview of Wind Turbine
Control Systems
8.2.1 Basic turbine model
• aerodynamics
• rotor inertia
• shaft flexibility
• brake torque
• drive train inertia
• electrical torque
8.2.2 Control system components
•controller
•amplifier
•actuator
•plant model
•sensors
8.2.3 Control of turbine processes
•aerodynamic torque
•generator torque
•brake torque
•yaw orientation
8.3 Typical Grid-connected
Turbine Operation
8.3.1 Constant-speed operating systems
•stall-regulated
•two-speed stall regulated
•active pitch regulated
8.3.2 Variable-speed operating systems
•stall-regulated
•active pitch regulated
•passive pitch regulated
8.4 Supervisory Control
Overview
8.4.1 Supervisory control-system
overview
•safety
•reporting
•monitoring operation
•managing operation
•emergency systems
8.4.2a Operating states-coming on line
•system check
•ready for operation
•start and brake release
•grid connection
•power production
8.4.2b Operating States-coming off line
•grid disconnection
•freewheeling
•shutdown
•emergency shutdown
8.4.5 Fail-safe backup systems
•grid loss
•controller failure
•independent emergency shutdown
•independent hardware shutdown
8.5 Dynamic Control Theory
and Implementation
8.5.1 - Purpose of dynamic control
(example of yaw)
•proportional gain (bring to desired value)
•rate gain (stop at desired value)
•integral gain (account for static disturbances)
•choice of gains for stability and performance
8.5.3 Control issues specific to turbines
1. types of disturbances
2. response t disturbances
8.5.3 Control issues specific to turbines
3. resonances
4. speed ratio issues
5. transitions
8.5.3 Control issues specific to turbines
6. wind turbine loads
8.5.4 Dynamic control system implementation
1. mechanical systems
2. analog and op-amp systems
8.5.4 Dynamic control system
implementation
3. digital systems
 8.6 Summary and Conclusions

Other texts:
Garcia-Sans, Mario and Houpis, H. Constantine,
Wind Energy Systems: Control Engineering Design,
CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL, 2012.