ENGINEERING

GRAPHICS
ENGINEERING COMPUTER
GRAPHICS AIDED GRAPHICS
INFOGRAPHICS I
3 STRAIGHT LINE IN DESCRIPTIVE GEOMETRY

z
∩
[V] ∩
L=l”
l’
∩
V=v’ v”

[L]

d’ d”

D
l
0

x h’ v

d
H=h h”

[H]

y
Fig. 3.1 2
3.1 LINE’ TRACES. POINT LOCATED ON A STRAIGHT LINE.
z

[V] [L]
L=l” l’
V=v’ v”

m’ zm m”
d”
d’
y1=0
x=0
l z=0
z=0
0 ym1 h”
xm

x h’ v y1
m ym
d ∩
y=0
x=0
∩
∩
H=h

[H]
3

Fig. 3.2 y
3.2 PARTICULAR POSITIONS OF A STRAIGHT LINE

They are two types of particular positions for a line:

 Straight line parallel to a plane of projections;

 Straight line parallel to two planes of
projections,
that means perpendicular to the third.

4
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],
is named horizontal line or level line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [H]:

z = const. 

n’ v’ a’ b’ v” l’ a” b” l” n”

x v 0 y1

a

b

l n
y

5
Fig. 3.3
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],
is named frontal line and
it has all its points to the same distance from the plane [V]:

y = const. 

f’
 l’ l”
b’ b”
 a’ a”
x h’ 0 h” y1

f”
h a b l
f

y
Fig. 3.4
6
STRAIGHT LINE PARALLEL TO THE LATERAL PLANE [L],
is named profile line and
has all its points to the same distance from the plane [L]:

x = const. 

z
d’

v’ v” 

a’ a”
b’ b” 
x v h’ 0 h” y1

a d”

b
h

d y
Fig. 3.5 7
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE HORIZONTAL PLANE [H],
is in the same time parallel to [V] and [L] plane, which means
it has all properties of the frontal and profile line.
This line is named vertical line.

a’ a”
b’
b”
x
y1
h’ h”

y
Fig. 3.6 8
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE VERTICAL PLANE [V],
is in the same time parallel to the planes [H] and [L], which means
it has all properties of the level and profile line.
This line is named ”end” line (in the vertical projection it’s seen its end),

v”
a” b”

x v 0 y1

b
y
9

Fig. 3.7
STRAIGHT LINE PERPENDICULAR ON THE LATERAL PLANE [L],
is in the same time parallel to the planes [V] and [H], to the axis too, that means
it has all properties of the level and frontal line.
This line is named fronto-horizontal line.

a’ b’
l’

x y1

a b l

y
10

Fig. 3.8
 3.3 RELATIVE POSITIONS OF TWO STRAIGHT LINES
In space, two straight lines can have tree types of relationship, defined by
specific properties, which make them differences.
 Parallel lines;
 Intersected lines;
 Skew lines.
PARALLEL LINES INTERSECTED LINES

z z
d’ d” d’ d”
’ ”
i’ i”
’ ”

x y1 x y1
0
0
i

d 

y d y
a). b). 11
Fig. 3.9
PERPENDICULAR LINES are a particular case of intersected lines. Generally, perpendicularity is distorted
by projecting. Only when one of the two intersecting lines is a particular one, this relationship is preserved.
According to the right angle of two straight lines theorem, this 90 degrees angle is projected in true size on
the projection plane with which the particular line is parallel. In this way:

i’
i’

i’ i”

h’ = v
0

i
i i

a). b). c). 11/4/22 12

Fig. 3.10
If the particular line is two time particular (Fig. 3.6; 3.7; 3.8), then the second
line is a particular one too and their relationship of perpendicularity is shown in
two projections:

- a vertical line:

- an end line:

- a fronto-horizontal line:

11/4/22 13
SKEW LINES are neither parallel neither intersected lines. Their projections seems to intersect, but is only in
appearance.

1’
3’=4’

2’

x 0

1=2

Fig. 3.11
11/4/22 14
4 REPRESENTATION OF A PLANE
z
z
[V] Pz
[V] Pz [L]

[P] [L]
PL  pl”
PV  pv’
pv”  pl’

Px 0
Px pv ph’ pl ph” Py
1

x x 0 y1
Py
ph”  pl
[H] P H  ph

y
Fig. 4.1 Py

[H]

y
∩
∩ Fig. 4.2
11/4/22 15
4.1 LINE AND POINT LYING IN A PLANE z
[V]
Pz
[L]
pv’

pl”
V v’ v”
d’ d”
z m’ m”

[V] Pz Px 0 h” Py1
v
x h’ y1
d
PV pv’
m
[P] [L]
V v’ ph
v”
H h
m’ P L  pl ”
M Py
m”
0 [H]
Px v h’
m y Fig. 4.4
x
P H  ph h” Py
H h
[H]
11/4/22 16

y
Fig. 4.3
4.2 WAYS TO SPECIFY A PLANE

• two parallel lines;

• two intersecting lines;
• three points;

The line of the greatest angle is a straight line of the plane which forms with one of
the projections plane (to which is define LGA) the greatest angle.
• line of the greatest angle – LGA / [H];
• line of the greatest angle – LGA / [V].

11/4/22 17
Specifying a plane by two parallel lines

v2’

v1 ’

The plane specified

by three points Px h1’ v1 h2’ v2
Px , H1 şi V1. x 0

h1

h2
Fig. 4.5 11/4/22 18
Specifying a plane by two intersecting lines;

v2’

v1’

i’

The plane specified

by three points
Px h2’ v1 h1’ v2
Px , H1 şi V1. x 0

i
h2

11/4/22 19
h1
Fig. 4.6
4.3 PARTICULAR LINES OF A PLANE
Horizontal lines of a plane

pv'
pv'
f'
v1’ n1'
f 1'
v’
n'

Px v1 Px h1’
v h’
x 0 x 0
f
n1 h
f1
n h1
Fig. 4.10
ph Fig. 4.11 ph

Frontal lines of a plane 11/4/22 20

4.4 PARTICULAR POSITION OF A PLANE

Like the lines too, planes have particular position with

projection planes, each other:

- Parallel plane with a projection plane and perpendicular to

the other two;

- Perpendicular plane to a projection plane .

11/4/22 21
THE LEVEL PLANE [N] : z = const. z
n v' a’ c’ b’ b” a” c” n l"

Nz

[V] x b 0 y1

a
NV nv’ a’ c’ b’ Nz
b” [L]
B a” c
A c” y
NL nl”
[N] C

Fig. 4.13
0
b
x
a
c

[H]

Fig. 4.12 y
11/4/22 22
 "
z fl
THE FRONTAL PLANE [F]: y = const. b’
b”

z a’ a”
c”
[V] c’
x 0 Fy 1 y1

b’
[L] Fy
fh
a’ c’
a c b
B
[F] b” y

A
a” Fig. 4.15
c”
C

FL fl”
F || V 

x 
FH  fh Fy
y  const 

[H]
a b c  a' b' c'  ABC


y  abc  fh || 0x
Fig. 4.14 

a" b" c"  fl " || 0z 11/4/22 23


 z
THE PROFILE PLANE [P] : x = const. pv' b”

b’

c’
z c”
a’ a”

[V]
x Px 0 y1

a
PV pv’
[L] b
[P] c
b’
B b”
ph
c’ y
a’
a”
Px
A 0 Fig. 4.17
C c”
x a
b
c
[H] PH ph

y
Fig. 4.16 24
11/4/22
THE VERTICAL PLANE [Q]
z

[V]

QV qv’
b’
B [L]
b”
[Q]
QL ql”
c’
a’ a”

A c”
C
Qx $
b 0

x
a
b c
$g
Qy
Q H qh
[H]

y 11/4/22 25
Fig. 4.18
 z
' b’ b” "
q v ql

c’
c”
a’ a”
x Qx Qy 1

0 y1

b$ a
b
c g$
Qy
qh
y

Fig. 4.19

11/4/22 26
THE “END” PLANE [R] [V]
z

[V]

Rz

RV rv’

b’
g$
RL rl”
B b”
c’
[R]
a’

A a” c” [L]
C
Rx
a$ b
0

x a
c

[H]
R H r h

11/4/22 27
Fig. 4.20 y
 Rz z
"
rl
g$

b’ b”   a ' b' c '  r v '


c’
c” 
a’ r  0x
x '
a”  h
r
v a$ 
Rx b 0 y1 
rl "  0 z
a 

c  ˆ  R ; H

y
 ˆ  R ; L 
rh
Fig. 4.21
11/4/22 28
THE PLANE PARALLEL TO AXIS - [S]

[V]
SV sv’ Sz

b$
b’
[S] [L]
B
b”

c’
a’
a”
A c”
C
0
SL sl”
b
x
a c
a$
Sy

S H s h
[H]

Fig. 4.22 y 11/4/22 29

 z

sv` Sz
b’ b$
b”

a’ a” sl"
c’ c” a$
x 0 Sy
1

b y1

c
sh
Sy

Fig. 4.23

11/4/22 30
 HOME WORK HW- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE

1. Given the points A(110; 30; 20), B(30; 45; 25), and M(80; 60; -5), N(45;
15; z), construct two intersecting lines in a point I. (pr. 13-42)

2. Given the points A(50; 15; 25), B(10; -10; 60) and C(70; -15; 40), construct
the plane [P] (traces), defined by the three points. (pr. 1-72)

1 2

11/4/22 31
 LAB L- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE
1. Given the points: A(25; 40; -5) and B(50; 15; 40), which define the line ,
and the point M(80; 30; 10), is asked:
-the projections of the line ; thru M draw a line and a line ∩ =I, if
I is located between A and B;
-the traces of the line .
2. Given the points: A(60; 20; 50), B(50; 40; 30) and C(40; 30; 30). Construct
the plane [P], defined by the three points, using two intersecting lines.

3. Given the points M(50; y; 20), A(20; 40; z) and the plane [P] defined by the
points: Px(100; 0; 0), H(30; 80; 0), V(30; 0; 55), construct: ,

and the parallelogram [ABCD], with the point M, intersection

of the diagonals and AB=40mm, located on a frontal line of the plane [P].
1 3

11/4/22 32
 LAB L- 02: STRAIGHT LINE AND PLANE

4. Given the points A(50; 15; 25), B(10; -10; 60) and C(70; -15; 40),
construct the plane (traces) [P], defined by the three points.

5. Construct the traces of the plane [S], defined by the level line V(40; 0;
15)A(75; 25; zA) and the point B(60; -5; 35).

6. Given the points A(75; 45; 10), B(45; 20; 55), C(20; 70; 35),
I(60; 30; z), is asked:
- The plane [R] defined by A, B and C;
- The isoscel triangle [IJK] from the plane [R], which side IJ=IK=50mm, and
IJ║[H], IK║[V];

4 6

11/4/22 33