SYSTEM MODEL

System model
 Contents
• Context models
• Behavioural models
• Data models
• State Machine Model
 System modeling
• System modelling helps the analyst to understand the
functionality of the system and models are used to
communicate with customers.
• Different models present the system from different
perspectives
– External perspective showing the system’s context or
environment;
– Behavioural perspective showing the behaviour of the
system;
– Structural perspective showing the system or data
architecture.
 Model types
• Data processing model showing how the data is
processed at different stages.
• Composition model showing how entities are
composed of other entities.
• Architectural model showing principal sub-systems.
• Classification model showing how entities have
common characteristics.
• Stimulus/response model showing the system’s
reaction to events.
 Context Models
• Context models are used to illustrate the
operational context of a system - they show
what lies outside the system boundaries.
• Social and organisational concerns may affect
the decision on where to position system
boundaries.
• Architectural models show the system and its
relationship with other systems.
 The context of an ATM system
Security
system

Branch
Account
accounting
da tabase
system

Auto-teller
system

Branch
Usage
counter
database
system

Maintenance
system
 Process Models
• Process models show the overall process and
the processes that are supported by the system.
• Data flow models may be used to show the
processes and the flow of information from
one process to another.
 Behavioural Model
• Behavioural models are used to describe the
overall behaviour of a system.
• Two types of behavioural model are:
– Data processing models that show how data is
processed as it moves through the system;
– State machine models that show the systems
response to events.
• These models show different perspectives so
both of them are required to describe the
system’s behaviour.
 Data Processing Models
• Data flow diagrams (DFDs) may be used to
model the system’s data processing.
• These show the processing steps as data flows
through a system.
• DFDs are an intrinsic part of many analysis
methods.
• Simple and intuitive notation that customers
can understand.
• Show end-to-end processing of data.
 Cont…
• A Data Flow Diagram (DFD) is a traditional visual
representation of the information flows within a system. A neat
and clear DFD can depict the right amount of the system
requirement graphically. It can be manual, automated, or a
combination of both.
• It shows how data enters and leaves the system, what changes
the information, and where data is stored.
• The objective of a DFD is to show the scope and boundaries of
a system as a whole. It may be used as a communication tool
between a system analyst and any person who plays a part in
the order that acts as a starting point for redesigning a system.
The DFD is also called as a data flow graph or bubble chart.
 Observations on DFD
• All names should be unique. This makes it easier to refer to elements in the
DFD.
• Remember that DFD is not a flow chart. Arrows is a flow chart that
represents the order of events; arrows in DFD represents flowing data. A
DFD does not involve any order of events.
• Suppress logical decisions. If we ever have the urge to draw a diamond-
shaped box in a DFD, suppress that urge! A diamond-shaped box is used in
flow charts to represents decision points with multiple exists paths of which
the only one is taken. This implies an ordering of events, which makes no
sense in a DFD.
• Do not become bogged down with details. Defer error conditions and error
handling until the end of the analysis.
Symbols of DFD
 Symbols of DFD
• Circle: A circle (bubble) shows a process that transforms data
inputs into data outputs.
• Data Flow: A curved line shows the flow of data into or out of a
process or data store.
• Data Store: A set of parallel lines shows a place for the collection
of data items. A data store indicates that the data is stored which
can be used at a later stage or by the other processes in a different
order. The data store can have an element or group of elements.
• Source or Sink: Source or Sink is an external entity and acts as a
source of system inputs or sink of system outputs.
 Levels of DFD
• It is also known as fundamental system model, or
context diagram represents the entire software
requirement as a single bubble with input and output
data denoted by incoming and outgoing arrows.
• Then the system is decomposed and described as a
DFD with multiple bubbles.
• Parts of the system represented by each of these
bubbles are then decomposed and documented as
more and more detailed DFDs.
• This process may be repeated at as many levels as
necessary until the program at hand is well
 Cont…
• It is essential to preserve the number of inputs
and outputs between levels, this concept is
called leveling by DeMacro.
• Thus, if bubble "A" has two inputs x1 and
x2 and one output y, then the expanded DFD,
that represents "A" should have exactly two
external inputs and one external output as
shown in fig:
Cont..
Cont…
 Level 1
• In 1-level DFD, a context diagram is decomposed
into multiple bubbles/processes. In this level, we
highlight the main objectives of the system and
breakdown the high-level process of 0-level DFD into
sub processes.
Level 1
Level 2 DFD
Login
Student Info Management
Cont…
Cont…
 State machine models
• These model the behaviour of the system in response to
external and internal events.
• They show the system’s responses to stimuli so are often used
for modelling real-time systems.
• State machine models show system states as nodes and events
as arcs between these nodes. When an event occurs, the
system moves from one state to another.
• Statecharts are an integral part of the UML and are used to
represent state machine models.
 Microwave oven model
Full
po w er Full po wer
do: set power
= 600

Timer
Waiting
Number
do: display Operation
Full Set time
time
po wer do: get number do: operate
exit: set time oven
Half
Half po wer
Door
po wer Cancel
Timer closed
Start
Door
open
Door
Half po wer Enabled Waiting
open
do: set power Door do: display do: display
= 3 00 closed 'Ready' time

Disab led
do: display
'Waiting'
Microwave oven state description
Microwave oven stimuli
Microwave oven operation
Operation
Time
Checking
OK Cook
do: check
do: run
status
generator

Turntable Emitter Timeout

fault fault

Done
Alarm
do: buzzer on
do: display
for 5 secs.
event

Door open
Cancel

Disabled Waiting
Traffic Signal Example
 References
• Ian Sommervillie PPt
• https://www.google.com/search?
q=state+chart+diagram+model+for+traffic+light&tbm=isch&ved=2ahUKEwiai6P80ZXvAhX
3BrcAHVGVD8QQ2CegQIABAA&oq=state+chart+diagram+model+for+traffic+light&gs_lc
p=CgNpbWcQA1CvowJY38ICYPfFAmgAcAB4AIABlgKIAcIOkgEFNi44LjGYAQCgAQG
qAQtnd3Mtd2l6LWltZ8ABAQ&sclient=img&ei=g0xAYNq9O_eN3LUP0aq-
oAw&bih=526&biw=1093#imgrc=FDCyiWdncP-wIM.