Professional Documents
Culture Documents
• Breathlessness
• Chest tightness
• 50% 1-3 yr
Heterogenous
Heavy
Disease/varying
nebulisation
phenotypes
Issues in
Pediatric Asthma
Poor patient/
Oral vs. Inhaled Lack of parent
knowledge & education
time vs.
more patients
TYPES OF REACTION
TYPES OF ASTHMA
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Simple cough to Recurrent Wheeze
• Symptoms may develop with seasonal
change or exercise
• Acute with cold to Paroxysmal nocturnal
cough
• Early dry cough, prolonged expiration &
wheeze
• Accessory exp. Muscles→ Sweating,
Cyanosis & Fatigue
CLINICAL MANIFESTATIONS
• Hyper-resonance
• Silent chest – a poor sign
• Severe hypoxia → severe cyanosis & Cardiac
arrhythmia
• Pulsus paradoxus – critical case
• Segmental collapse
• Barrel chest in chronic & intermittent dis.
• No clubbing in absence of complication
DIAGNOSIS
• Recurrent wheeze
• Intermittent episodes of cough
• Cough after exercise
• Clear & mucous sputum, yellowish due to
eosinophils
• Chronic paroxysmal cough →استمایمخفی
Lab. Exams
BLOOD:
•Eosinophilia= 250-400 cells/mm3
•Allergic, vasomotor, obs. Lung dis.
•↓ In infective Asthma or tx. With steroid
•Normal serum Ig but ↑ Ig E
Lab. Exams
CXR:
•Bilateral & symmetric air
trap.
•Patchy atelectasis show
bronchospasm & mucous
plaques
•Pulmonary HTN
•Peribronchial &
Perivascular marking
Lab. Exams
Indications for CXR:
•Fever
•Unilateral chest findings
•Suspected pneumothorax
•HR > 160/min
•↓ Resp. sounds
•Mechanical ventilation
Differential Dx.
Status Asthmaticus
Hospitalization criteria
• Status asthmaticus
• History of bad episodes
• ICU hospitalization in recent 1 yr
• Multiple episodes of mod. to severe asthma in several days
despite appropriate tx.
• Tachycardia
• Fluid & oral drug intolerance
• Decreased consciousness
• Hypercapnea, Hypoxemia
• Atelectasis
Mx. of Acute episode
• O2 by mask or nasal prong
• Sulbatamol inhalation:
• 1st safe & effective drug
• 0.5 mg/kg/dose every 20-30min.
• SE: Tachycardia, Arrhythmia, CNS stimulation,
Hypokalemia & irritability
• Adrenalin 1/1000 sol.:
• 0.01ml/kg S.C every 20 min up to 3 times
• SE: Palor, Tremor, Headace & Arrhythmia
Mx. of Acute episode
• Turbutalin: Choice B2 antagonist
• 1/1000 sol., 0.01ml/kg/dose S.C every 20 min.
• Aminophylline:
• IV, 5mg/kg/dose over 15 mins with 25ml Dextrose
10% / 6-8hr.
• Rapid injection: Arrhythmia, Hypotension & death
• Corticosteroids:
• Hydrocortisone, 5-10mg/kg/d or inhaled steroid
Mx. of Acute episode
• Mg Sulphate:
• 30-50mg/kg inf. over 30 mins.
• Check BP after 10, 30 min & 4hr.
• If no response after 1hr, Sulbatamol inhalation
with ipratropium, 250 mic. gr every 20 min
• Fluids
• Antibiotics
Status asthmaticus
• ICU
• O2: 2-3lt/min to save 70-90mmHg or sat. >92%
• Hydration 1.5x. Normal Saline or Glucose
• Neubolization every 20min
• Aminophylline 5-7mg+25ml dextrose 5%/6h
• Corticosteroides: Hydrocortisone 5-10mg/kg
• Terbutaline: 0.01mg/kg S.C or IV
Typical features of Asthma
• Afebrile episodes
• Personal atopy
• History of triggers
• Seasonal exacerbations
• Does the child’s cold frequently ‘go to the chest’ or take more
If than
the10answer is ‘yes’ to any of the questions,
days to resolve?
a• diagnosis
Does the child of
use asthma should
any medication when be considered
symptoms occur?
How often?
Dyspnea
• Expiratory wheeze
• Accessory muscle movement
• Difficulty in feeding, talking, getting to sleep
• Irritability
Cough
• Persistent/ recurrent / nocturnal/ exercise-induced
Associated conditions
• Eczema
• Allergic Rhinitis
Weight/Height
GINA 2008
BTS
BTS 2008
Clinical features that lower the probability of asthma
• Symptoms with colds only, with no interval symptoms
BTS 2008
Asthma Phenotypes
Classification of Asthma
• The goal of the treatment is to achieve and maintain control for
prolonged periods with due regard to the safety of treatment, potential for
adverse effects, and the cost of treatment required to achieve this goal.
More than
Daytime symptoms None (2 or less / week)
twice / week
3 or more features of
Nocturnal symptoms /
None Any partly controlled
awakening
asthma present in any
Need for rescue / More than
None (2 or less / week) week*
“reliever” treatment twice / week
* Exacerbation
Any exacerbation should be prompt review ofNone Onethat
maintenance treatment to ensure oritmore / year
is adequate. 1 in any week
#
Lung function is not a reliable test for children 5 years and younger . GINA 2009
Levels of Asthma Control in Children 5 years and younger
Characteristic Controlled (All of the following) Partly Controlled (Any Uncontrolled
measure present in any (Three or more of features of
week) partly controlled asthma in any
week)
Daytime symptoms None More than twice/week More than twice/week
– wheezing, cough, (less than twice/week, typically (typically for short periods (typically last minutes of hour or
difficult breathing for short periods of on the order on the order minutes and recur, but partially or fully
minutes and rapidly relieved by rapidly relieved by use of a relieved with rapid-acting
use of a rapid-acting rapid-acting bronchodilator) bronchodilators)
bronchodilator)
*
Based on efficacy of drug delivery, cost effectiveness, safety, ease of use, and convenience . GINA 2009
Asthma management and prevention
• The goals for successful management of asthma are
1. Achieve and maintain control of symptoms
5. Special considerations
Develop Patient/Doctor partnership -
• Effective management of asthma requires the development of a
partnership between the person with asthma and the health care
team.
medications
Asthma education, Environmental approach, and as needed rapid acting beta -agonists
Controller options
Continue as needed rapid acting Low – dose inhaled Double Low – dose inhaled
beta2-agonists glucocorticosteroid glucocorticosteroid
Diagnosis