Graduation Project - Finalpre

BACHELOR’S GRADUATION
PROJECT
DEPLOYING A MULTI-LAYER NETWORK
USING DYNSMIC ROUTING RIP, OSPF, BGP
Presenter: Std.Lê Bảo Ngọc

Instructor: Dr.Đặng Quang Hiếu
Hanoi, August 2022

1
CONTENT
1. Introduction to multi-layer network
2. Overview of static routing, dynamic routing
3. Theory of dynamic routing types: RIP,OSPF,BGP
4. Lab model of RIP,OSPF,BGP
5. Installation and system operation
6. Mail service and web service
7. Conclusion
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1. Introduction to multi-layer network
• About multi-layer network system
Internetare also divided into tiers. Tiers on the bottom layer
translation level for the tier above. The tiers above pay to receive the
services of the tiers below. Currently, the model of the Internet is divided
into many floor.
• Các tier của hệ thống mạng đa tầng
-Mạng tier 1: On the top tier, providing connectivity for tier 2 .
networksThe lower tiers are interconnected. Tier 1 networks are big
companiessuch as AT&T (USA), Liberty Global (UK), PCCW Global (Hong
Kong),....
-Mạng tier 2: Tier 2 networks are network service providers (ISPs).
national scale, in Vietnam can be mentioned as: VNPT, FPT, Viettel, ...
3

- Routing is a process that routers perform to move a packet (Packet) from a source
address (Source) to a destination address (destination) in the network.
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• Static routing
- Static routing operation : - Parameters of configuration :

 First, the network administrator  Destination-network: Destination-network:
configures fixed routes for the router The network address to go
 The router installs these routes into  Subnet-mask: Subnet-mask of destination
the routing table network
 Data packets are routed along these  Address: The ip address of the port on the
fixed paths router from which the packet will go on the
interface: the port of the router from which
the packet will go 5
• Dynamic routing
.
- Dynamic routing protocol is used to communicate between routers.
The dynamic routing protocol allows this router to share routing information
it knows with other routers.
 The router can build and maintain its routing table.
- Several dynamic routing protocols: RIP, IGRP, EIGRP, OSPF, etc. are used to route
user data.
- A routing protocol will provide sufficient information about the network layer
address so that data packets can be transmitted from one host to another based on
that address structure. There are two protocols that we need to keep in mind in
dynamic routing:

+ Internet Protocol(IP)
+ Internetwork Packet Exchange(IPX)
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• Autonomous System(AS)
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In the system pictured below, the network configuration and topology can be clearly
defined, so separate routing protocols are defined for implementation inside and outside
the AS, including:
- Internal Gateway Protocols (IGPs): Routing Information Protocol (RIP) and Open
Shortest Path First (OSPF).
- Exterior Gateway Protocol (EGPs): are protocols for routing connections between ASs,
usually using the EGP protocol, Border Gateway Protocol (BGP).
8
- Typical examples of ASs are ISPs. Viettel, VNPT, FPT Telecom, ... are the ASs
that contribute to the creation of the global Internet.
- An AS needs to be uniquely identified by a value called the Autonomous
System Number (ASN).
- ASN has 2 format: 2-byte or 4-byte
+ With the 2-byte range, ASNs range from 0 to 65535.
+ With the 4-byte range, ASNs range from 0 to 2^32 – 1.
Example: Viettel network operator owns 2 ASN values, 7552 and 24086. All
public IPs of Viettel on the Internet belong to this AS.
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• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)
1. Conception
- RIP is an IGP routing protocol used for

small ASs, not for large and complex
networks.
- The routing information protocol
belongs to the type of distance-vector
routing protocol, which uses a value to
measure that is the number of hops (hop
count) in the path from source to
destination.
When a router receives a routing
update for a packet, it adds 1 to the
measurement value and updates the routing RIP Configuration
table.
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2. Operation
-RIP uses the Distance Vector Algorithms (DVA) routing algorithm.
 Distance Vector Algorithms (DVA): is an interoperable routing algorithm that computes

the shortest path between pairs of nodes in a network, based on a centralized method
known as the Bellman-Ford algorithm.
-> Network nodes exchange information on the basis of destination address, next
node, and shortest path to the destination.
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3. Limitation
- During the "hold-down" period after the routing information is changed, if the
router receives an update from another neighboring router but this information
indicates a path to network X with the routing parameters better route than the
previous router  it will ignore, not update this information.
- Infinite counting error  Routing loops can occur when the routing tables on the
routers have not been updated due to slow convergence.
12
• OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)

1. Conception
- OSPF is a typical IGP link-state
routing protocol. This is a widely used
protocol in enterprise networks.
- OSPF is standardized for routers
to exchange information and build link
state databases. Internet
- OSPF operates in only one AS
region, so it is classed as RIP.
OSPF Areas
13

2. Operation
- Each router running the protocol sends its link states to all routers in area  Each router
will apply Dijkstra algorithm ->build route table.
- Router – id: On routers running OSPF there is the format of an IP address.
- The OSPF process on each router will automatically elect the router value - id is the highest
IP address in the active interfaces, giving priority to the loopback port.
To change the router - id of the process, you must restart the router or remove the OSPF
process and then reconfigure.
14

3. Limitation
- The design is quite complex.
- Support to balance the average cost is
not really reasonable.
- Consumes more CPU resources when
building.
OSPF Terminology
15
• BGP (Border Gateway

Protocol)
1. Conception
- BGP is an important component of
the Internet in routing routers between
different ASs. 1.0.0.0/8 và 2.0.0.0/8 is advertised by AS 300
- BGP works by updating a table of
network addresses (prefixes) indicating
the association between Ass:
- BGP can also be used in large-scale
private networks because:
+ OSPF does not respond..
+ BGP support multihome.
Multi-Home There are 2 paths to 2 different ISPs
16
• BGP (Border Gateway

Protocol)
2. Operation
- Router use BGP peering by

establishing a TCP session over port
179.
- Four types of BGP messages :
+Open(open session).
+Update.
+Notification(error message).
+Keep-alive(maintain session
connection).
Pre-Neighbor Checking Processes
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• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

3. Order of precedence BGP
 Select the explicit path in the previous table (compared to the default path).
 Select the path with the highest weight (Cisco router only).
 Choose the path with the highest local priority(local preference).
 Select the route set by the network administrator on the router (static route, whose
origin attribute is INCOMPLETE).
 Choose the path that goes through the least AS (the shortest AS path).
 Chọn đường đi có nguồn gốc bên trong trước (origin = IGP < EGP).
 Chọn đường đi có độ ưu tiên gần/xa thấp nhất MED (Multi exit discriminator).
 Chọn đường đi ra bên ngoài trước (external path).
 Chọn đường đi có độ đo IGP đến hop tiếp theo thấp nhất (IGP metric to the next hop.)
 Chọn đường đi tồn tại trong bảng lâu nhất (oldest one)
 Chọn đường đi đến router tiếp theo có BGP ID thấp nhất.
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• Lab model of RIP

1. RIP process
- RIP version 1 (RIPv1) is only an address layer routing protocol.

- RIP version 2 (RIPv2) is a routing protocol that does not follow the address layer:
+ There is a verification mechanism between routers.
+ Support VLSM with different length.
- RIP avoids routing loops indefinitely by limiting the maximum number of hops
allowed from the sender to the receiver.
 In addition, RIP has similar characteristics to other routing protocols: RIP also has a
horizon and hold-down to avoid updating incorrect routing information.
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• Lab model of RIP

2. Model of RIPv1 and RIPv2
RIPv1 is configured on 4,5,6 routers. RIPv2 was configured on routers 1, 2, 3

20
• Lab model of OSPF
1. OSPF process
- Large OSPF networks need to use hierarchical design and divide into multiple zones :
These regions are all connected to the same partition 0, also known as the backbone
area.
 Allows control of routing updates.
- Operating characteristics of OSPF:

+ It is a link-state routing protocol.
+ Used in RFC 2328.
+ Use the SPF algorithm to calculate the best path.
+ Update only when the network structure changes.
21
2. How OSPF works
 OSPF performs the collection of status
information state links from neighboring routers.
 Build a database of the state of links in an area

-> All routers in the same OSPF zone will have
the same database.
 Each router keeps a list of close neighbors, this

list is called the close neighbors database.
DR and DBR election process of
routers in OSPF Area
 Elect a Designate router (DR) and a
representative router backup area called
backup Designated (BDR) 22
3. OSPF packet types
- Hello: Hello packets are used to detect
exchanges information about neighboring routers.
- Database Description: This packet is used to
choose which router will be authorized to exchange
information before (master/slave).
- Link State Request: This packet is used to
specify type of LSA to use for the exchange of DBD
packets..
- Link State Update: This packet is used to send
LSA packets to the adjacent router requesting this
packet khi nhận được thông điệp Request. Header of OSPF Packet
- Link State Acknowledge: This packet is used to

signal that the update packet has been received. 23
• Lab model of BGP
1. Description of iBGP and eBGP
iBGP peering’s model eBGP peering’s model 24

2. BGP data table
 Neighbor table: This table includes all routers that have established BGP peering with
the router under consideration.
 BGP table: store the best routes provided by neighbors.
 BGP route table: contains the "best from the best" routes by the BGP route selection
process.
The process of receiving and filtering BGP's routing information 25

3. Some common path properties of BGP
AS path Next hop
26
3. Some common path properties of BGP
Local Preference MED
27
• Software installation to design system
- GNS3: GNS3 is a software used to emulate cisco router written by Cristophe
Fillot, it is similar to VMWare. However it uses real Cisco IOS to emulate the
router.
- Installing quagga,telnet (Use commandline of Linux OS):
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• System Operation
Top layer’s network model
29
The middle and lower layer network model (1)

30
The middle and lower layer network model (2)

31
5. Mail service and web service
• Mail service  Command to send mail from mydomain.vn:
 Mail received on ngocle.vn:
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6. Conclusion
 Describe the most basic problem of multilayer network along with OSPF, BGP, RIP
routing.
 From the deployment of multilayer network on GN3, the results have been
successfully deployed and the test operations also achieved high results.
 This design has the ability to apply to the network system in practice, but cannot
create great commercial value because the model is not optimal and small.
 Learned a lot about multi-layer networking as well as working and operating
systems on Linux as well as Windows Server. I have improved my skills in using C
language for programing and my ability to work on Linux.
33
THANK YOU TO THE
TEACHERS FOR LISTENING
34

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BACHELOR’S GRADUATION

Presenter: Std.Lê Bảo Ngọc

Hanoi, August 2022

- Static routing operation : - Parameters of configuration :

- RIP is an IGP routing protocol used for

 Distance Vector Algorithms (DVA): is an interoperable routing algorithm that computes

• RIP (Routing Information Protocol)

• OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)

• OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)

• OSPF(Open Shortest Path First)

• BGP (Border Gateway

• BGP (Border Gateway

- Router use BGP peering by

• BGP (Border Gateway Protocol)

• Lab model of RIP

- RIP version 1 (RIPv1) is only an address layer routing protocol.

• Lab model of RIP

RIPv1 is configured on 4,5,6 routers. RIPv2 was configured on routers 1, 2, 3

- Operating characteristics of OSPF:

 Build a database of the state of links in an area

 Each router keeps a list of close neighbors, this

- Link State Acknowledge: This packet is used to

iBGP peering’s model eBGP peering’s model 24

The process of receiving and filtering BGP's routing information 25

AS path Next hop

Local Preference MED

Top layer’s network model

The middle and lower layer network model (1)

The middle and lower layer network model (2)

 Mail received on ngocle.vn:

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