Significance testing

Example 1: A teacher claims that the mean

score of students in his class is greater than 82
with a standard deviation of 20. If a sample of 81
students was selected with a mean score of 90
then check if there is enough evidence to
support this claim at a 0.05 significance level.
Example 2: An online medicine shop claims that
the mean delivery time for medicines is less
than 120 minutes with a standard deviation of
30 minutes. Is there enough evidence to support
this claim at a 0.05 significance level if 49 orders
were examined with a mean of 100 minutes?
Example 3: A company wants to improve the
quality of products by reducing defects and
monitoring the efficiency of assembly lines. In
assembly line A, there were 18 defects reported
out of 200 samples while in line B, 25 defects
out of 600 samples were noted. Is there a
difference in the procedures at a 0.05 alpha
level?
 T Distribution
T distribution formula is used when the sample size
is small and the population standard deviation is
unknown to us and we want to estimate the mean
of the normally distributed population.
It is developed by William Gosset in 1908.
The T distribution formula is also known as
Student’s T Distribution. 
The curve of the t distribution is almost similar to
the normal distribution curve, but the only
difference arises that it is a bit short and a little wide
than that of the normal distribution curve.
  T Distribution Formula

The t distribution formula tells us that the larger

the sample size, the more it will be like
the normal distribution. For the t distribution
formula, we need to know the degree of
freedom = v which is nothing but "n-1", where n
is the sample size. 
References:

https://www.educba.com/z-test-statistics-formula/

https://www.jmp.com/en_in/statistics-knowledge-portal/t-test.html

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/t/tdistribution.asp

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jJekLtmEFkY

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QfVx7AH8rck

Book : Principles of Textile testing by J. E Booth chapter 2 page 8 to 44