Anatomy and physiology are two of the most basic

terms and areas of study in the life sciences.

Anatomy refers to the internal and external
structures of the body and their physical
relationships, whereas physiology refers to the
study of the functions of those structures. This
chapter defines anatomy and physiology and
explains why they are important to 
biomedical engineering. Human bodies are divided
into two main regions, axial and appendicular.
The axial part consists of the head, neck, thorax, abdomen,
and pelvis whereas the appendicular part consists of the
upper and lower extremities. The upper extremities include
the shoulders, upper arms, forearms, wrists, and hands
whereas the lower extremities include the hips, thighs,
lower legs, ankles, and feet. The abdominal region can be
further divided into nine regions or four quadrants.
Furthermore, cell theory, the major types of organic
compounds and other elements found in cells, and how the
plasma membrane maintains the volume and internal
concentrations of a cell has been discussed.
• covers a broad range of topics, including strength of biological materials, 
biofluid mechanics in the cardiovascular and respiratory systems, material
properties and interactions of medical implants and the body, heat and mass
transfer into biological tissues, biocontrol systems regulating metabolism or
voluntary motion, and kinematics and kinetics applied to study human gait.
Furthermore, the chapter provides a review of concepts from introductory
statics and dynamics and presents concepts from mechanics of material that
are fundamental for engineers and accessible to those with only a statics or
dynamics background. The chapter introduces visco-elastic complexities
characteristic of biological materials, with the concepts further applied in
cartilage, ligament, tendon, and muscle. The last two sections of the chapter
bring all of this information together in two ‘‘real world’’ biomechanics