CANCER: CHAPTER 18

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DNA TECHNOLOGY & GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHAPTER

20

What is Cancer??
1. Unregulated mitotic division of cells
Cellular division does NOT stop 2. Faulty Differentiation of cells into tissues in a way that effects mitotic division

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Types of Tumors

I. Benign
Remain in one location Single, well defined mass May be surrounded by connective tissue

II. Cancerous
Abnormal cell structure, may appear undifferentiated May spread Edge of tumor not clearly defined
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Cancerous Cells: Lose Control Over Cell

Functions

1. Dysplasia: abnormal change in cell structure 2. In Situ Cancer: malignant tumor in only one place 3. Matastases: secondary tumors at other locations throughout body
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

How Cancer Develops

I. Mutated or damaged genes
1. Proto-oncogenes: normal regulatory genes
Oncogenes: mutated or damaged protooncogenes

2. Tumor Suppressor genes: regulatory genes repress cell growth, cell division, differentiation, adhesion
These TS genes may be turned off, damaged or mutated in cancers

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Advances in Diagnosis: Early Detection!!!

Tumor imaging:
X-rays - physical view PET = positron-emission tomography [physiology/metabolism of tissues] MRI = magnetic resonance imaging [x-sectional chemical composition]

Genetic testing: identify mutated genes [privacy and treatment issues] Enzyme tests for cancer markers: screening large numbers of people

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Cancer Treatments

Conventional treatments: surgery, radiation, & chemotherapy Immunotherapy: promotes immune response Starving cancers: inhibits angiogenesis [reduces blood supply to tumor] Molecular treatments: target oncogenes

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

1. Skin cancer:Common Cancers Most

Basal cell - common, basal cells divide abnormally Squamous cell- arises from epithelial cells made by basal cells Melanoma - deadly, abnormal malanocytes

2. Breast cancer: almost exclusively in women 3. Prostate cancer: most common after age 50 in males 4. Lung cancer: smoking is the leading risk factor
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

5. Cancers of colon & rectum: early detection has increased survival rates to 62%

Most Common Cancers

(cont.)

6. Lymphoma: related to altered immune function 7. Urinary bladder cancer: surgery needed early 8. Cancer of the uterus: includes cervical cancer & cancer of the endometrium 9. Leukemia: cancer of blood forming organs. chemotherapy often effective 10. Cancers of mouth & pharynx: tobacco major risk
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Most Cancers are Preventable

Know family history Get regular medical screenings Learn self-examination techniques Avoid direct sunlight 10 AM to 4 PM, avoid sunlamps and tanning salons Watch diet & weight Dont smoke Drink in moderation, if at all Be informed
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

DNA TECHNOLOGY AND GENETIC ENGINEERING: CHAPTER 20

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

DNA Sequencing

Figure 20.1
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Gel Electrophoresis

Figure 20.2
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Recombinant DNA Technique

Figure 20.3
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Laboratory Modified DNA

Recombinant DNA: Cutting, Splicing, Copying DNA Restriction Enzymes DNA Ligases Plasmids

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)

Figure 20.4
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Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic Bacterial Uses

Insulin Human Growth Hormone Vaccines

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Genetic Engineering: Transgenic Organisms

Transgenic Plants
Increased resistance to freezing Longer shelf life Increased Vitamin A Edible Vaccines Human Proteins, i.e., albumin

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Transgenic Plants

Concerns
Frankenfoods Plant disease susceptibility

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Transgenic Animals
Bigger challenges
No plasmid use Cloning more difficult

Successes
Bovine growth hormone for faster animal growth gene farming

Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.

Vectors Transfer Genes to Human Cells

Gene Therapy

Figure 20.11
Copyright 2003 Pearson Education, Inc. publishing as Benjamin Cummings.