Implications

Lightning rods

Faraday cage
 Structure of water
Water : most common solvent for ionic electrolytes

AIR

Bulk water

Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106, 1527 Structure of water is still unknown!!!

 Structure of water

Chemical Reviews, 2006, 106, 1527

Structure of water
 Structure of water

• Only atomic dipoles

• No associated hydrogen bonding
• Orientational effect suppresses degrees of freedom Science, 2018, 360, 1339
What happens when you add pure Na to water?

What happens when you add pure water to Na?

Structure of water : breaking new grounds!!!

Nature volume 595, 673–
676 (2021)
 Gibbs and Guggenheim model of interface

Bulk Guggenheim Bulk

Bulk Bulk
phase α ideal phase β
phase α phase β
Interface σ

Gibbs ideal Interface σ

Total volume V (since = 0)