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Key Topics
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Bank Management and Financial Services, 7/e
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Introduction
• However, risky or not, the principal reason many
financial firms are issued charters of incorporation by
state and national governments is to make loans
• Lenders are expected to supply credit for all legitimate
business and consumer financial needs and to price that
credit reasonably
• Loans support the growth of new businesses and jobs
within the lender’s market area
• Loans frequently convey information to the marketplace
about a borrower’s credit quality
• The lending process bears careful monitoring at all
times
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Types of Loans
• Real Estate Loans
• Financial Institution Loans
• Agriculture Loans
• Commercial and Industrial Loans
• Loans to Individuals
• Miscellaneous Loans
• Lease Financing Receivables
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Regulation of Lending
• The mix, quality, and yield of the loan portfolio are heavily
influenced by regulation
• Examples of lending regulations:
▫ The total volume of real estate loans granted by a U.S.
national bank cannot exceed that bank’s capital and surplus
or 70 percent of its total time and savings deposits, whichever
is greater
▫ An unsecured loan to a single customer normally cannot
exceed 15 percent of a single national bank’s unimpaired
capital and surplus account (legal lending limit)
• Any loans made are subject to examination and review
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Loan Review
1. Carrying out reviews of all types of loans on a periodic basis
2. Structuring the loan review process
▫ Record of borrower payments
▫ Quality and condition of collateral
▫ Completeness of loan documentation
▫ Evaluation of borrower’s financial condition
▫ Assessment as to whether the loan fits with the lender’s loan policies
3. Reviewing Largest Loans Most Frequently
4. Conducting More Frequent Reviews of Troubled Loans
5. Accelerating the Loan Review Schedule if Economy or
Industry Experiences Problems
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Loan Workouts
• Loan workout – the process of recovering funds from a problem
loan situation
• Warning Signs of Problem Loans
1. Unusual or unexpected delays in receiving financial statements
2. Any sudden changes in accounting methods
3. Restructuring debt or eliminating dividend payments or changes in
credit rating
4. Adverse changes in the price of stock
5. Losses in one or more years
6. Adverse changes in capital structure
7. Deviations in actual sales from projections
8. Unexpected or unexplained changes in deposits
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Quick Quiz
• Why is lending so closely regulated by state and federal
authorities?
• What is the CAMELS rating, and how is it used?
• What three major questions or issues must a lender
consider in evaluating nearly all loan requests?
• Explain the following terms: character, capacity, cash,
collateral, conditions, and control.
• What sources of information are available today that loan
officers and credit analysts can use in evaluating a
customer loan application?
• What is loan review?
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