PRINCIPLES OF TEACHING

"A thousand teachers, a thousand methods"

"

-Chinese proverb
INTRODUCTION

Different approaches differ in the level of

teacher and student participation. We start
describing these approaches from that approach
with the highest to the lowest level of teacher
direction or from the lowest to the highest level
of student participation. On the basis of student
and teacher involvement, these methods are
categorized as direct/expository approach or
guided/exploratory approach.
BASIC CONCEPT

Approach - one's viewpoint toward

teaching or
refers to what one believes in, regarding
teaching, upon which teaching behaviors
are based.

Method - a series of related and progres-

sive acts performed by a teacher and
students to achieve the objective of the
lesson.
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TWO TYPES OF TEACHING APPROACH LOGO

Directive

Direct Expositor
Approach y Method Deductive

Demonstrative
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TWO TYPES OF TEACHING AP- LOGO

PROACH Inductive

Exploratory

Refective

Indirect/
Exploratory Constructivism
Guided
Method
Approach
Problem Solving

Laboratory

Inquiry

Metacognition
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WHEN TO USE LOGO

Direct Instructionl/Expository Guided Instruction/Ex-

ploratory
• Content oriented • Experience oriented

• Factual Infomation • Developmental/

formulation of
• Similar information concept, principles,
directly available- skills, attitudes, and
no effort to look for it values

• Information not
available -needs to
be discovered yet
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Direct/Expository Instruction Approach LOGO

Direct instruction is a way of teaching which is aimed

at helping students acquire some basic skills and
"procedural knowledge."

It is straight forward and is done in "a step-by step

manner." The emphasis is on how to execute the
steps of the entire procedure.

This may involve a simple or a complex skill

such as solving a problem by using
mathematical equations.
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LOGO

It includes presentation and recitation, as well as

teacher-student interactions.

Attention is focused on every detail of the

procedure.

Content mastery and overlearning of

fundamental facts.

Teachers need to arouse of heighten the

interest of the students.
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LOGO

Performance-based subjects such as Science,

Mathematics, Music and Physical Education are
taught by this technique.

Strategies use in Direct Instruction:

1.Lecture and Student Recitation

2.Deduction
3. Expository/didactic method
4. Demonstration method
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To employ this methodology, follow LOGO

these steps:

• Provide the rationale

• Demonstrate the skill
• Provide guided practice
• Check for understanding and provide
feedback
• Provide extended practice and transfer
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Characteristic of a Direct Instruction: LOGO

• Teacher-directed and teacher dominated

• Teaching of skill. The students gain "how" rather
than "whať' (procedural knowledge). Each step
must be mastered
• Step by step procedure
Key Point Text
with no step missed
• Lesson objectives easily observed behaviours
that can be measured accurately. The level of
performance can be assess from the number of
steps performed correctly
Key Point Text
• Form of learning through imitation ( behavioral
modeling)
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Examples LOGO

• Sample Lessons with Step-By-Step Tasks

• Executing steps of a folkdance
• Steps in preparing a meal
• Writing a letter
• Solving Math problems
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Deductive Method LOGO

• Teacher-dominated approach
• It begins with the abstract rule generalization,
principle and ends with specific examples and
• concrete details
• Cover a wider scope of subject matter
• Learning is passive process, the learners do
not take part in the generation of conclusion
or generalization
• Drill or exercises come after the explanation
of the rule or principle
•
•
•
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Example: Geography LOGO

The teacher begins her lesson with a

generalization that geographical location
influences peoples' way of life.

She will present a map of the Philippines. Then

study the map with them.

Those who live in wide plains like Central Plain

of Luzon, Cagayan Valley have rice as main
product and farming as main occupation.
Those who live near the sea are fishermen.
Their main product is fish.
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Example: Science LOGO

Teacher define: All animals with backbone

are classified as vertebrates.

Teacher give examples: dog is vertebrate

because it possesses backbone. Fish, frog
and cow are vertebrates, they possess
backbone
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Example: Math LOGO

Teacher Explain the rule first: To add similar

• fractions just add the numerators then
copy the denominator.

• Then teacher begin will gives examples

After which she will give written exercises for

her
• pupils
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Advantages of Deductive Method: LOGO

Wider scope of subject matter because the

• instruction is direct by stating at once the
rule or the principle at the beginning of the
class

Teacher do not have to worry on what

questions to ask for learners to generalization
or conclusion.

•
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Disadvantages of Deductive Method LOGO

• Passive learning. Less involvement on part of

the learners
• The learners do not take part in the
generation of conclusion or generalization.
• Learners' involvement will be drill or
exercises
• that come after the explanation of the rule
or
• principle
• Lesson appears uninteresting at first. Teacher
• begin the lesson with the abstract with what
the learners do not know
•
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Inductive Method LOGO

It begins with specific details, concrete data and

• examples and ends with an abstract
• Learners are more engaged in the teaching-
• learning process
• Learning becomes more interesting at the
outset
• because we begin with the experiences of our
• students. Begin with what they know.
• It helps the development of our learners'
higher
• order thinking skills. To see patterns and
analyze
• the same in order to arrive at generalizations
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Inductive Method LOGO

It requires more time and so less subject matter

• will be covered

Need much time to lead students to formulate

• generalizations

Teachers got to ask the right questions, organize

answers and comments to pave the way to the
derivation of generalizations or principles

•
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Example: Geography LOGO

The teacher will shows to the class the map of

the
Philippines then ask the class to study it with
special attention on geographical features and
economic products.
To guide them in their analysis she will ask them
questionslike what is the occupation of people
who live by the sea? What is their main
livelihood? What generalization can you draw
about the relationship between geographical
features of a place and peoples' means of
livelihood?
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Example: Science LOGO

• To Find out the body parts of animal that if it

has a backbone.

Teacher will say: the dog has a backbone. The

• fish, frog and cow also have backbones.

Then the students will conclude that: the dog.

fish, cow and frog are vertebrates.

•
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Advantages of Inductive Methods LOGO

The learners are more engaged in teaching-

learning process. The learners formulate the
• generalization or rule.

• Learning becomes more interesting at the

outset because teachers begin with the
experiences of the students. Teachers begin
with what they know.

It helps the development of the learners' higher

order thinking skills. To see patterns and analyze
the same in order to arrive at generalizations
requires analytical thinking.
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Disadvantages of Inductive Method LOGO

It requires more time and so less subject matter

• will be covered. Teacher needs much time to
lead students to the formulation of
generalizations.

It demands expert facilitating skills on part of

the teacher. Teacher got to ask the right
questions, organize answers and comments to
pave the way to the derivation of
generalizations/principles.

•
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Deductive Method Inductive Method LOGO

1. It does not give any new 1. It gives new knowledge

knowledge.
2. It is a method of verifica-
tion.
3. It is the method of instruc-
tion.
4. Child gets ready made
information and makes use of
it.
5. It is quick process.
2. It is a method of discovery.
3. It is a method of teaching.
4.Child acquires first hand
knowledge and information by
actual observation.
5. It is a slow process.

6. It encourages dependence 6. It trains the mind and gives

on self confidence and initiative.
other sources.
7. There is less scope of activ- 7.It is full of activity.
ity
in it.
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Let's Review our Understanding: LOGO

Between the deductive and the induction

method

• Which method is more teacher-directed?

Which one engages more the learners in

• conceptual understanding?

Which demands more teacher's skillfull

questioning?

•
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Let's Review our Understanding: LOGO

Between the deductive and the induction

method,

• Which tend to depth retention of learning?

• Which learning method is more predictable?

Which engage to learn faster for large number

of facts and concrete concepts?

•
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Demonstration Method LOGO

Demonstration is a learning activity which is

performed by a student, a group of 3 to 4
• members or a teacher while the rest become
observers.

• Teacher-dominated

Teachers show how to operate, manipulate an

equipment while the class observes

•
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Demonstration Method LOGO

Teacher should be knowledgeable in preparing

the apparatus needed according to the steps to
• be followed

The rest of the class becomes focused on the

activity and concentration on the subject is
assured

•
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Advantages of Demonstration Method LOGO

It follows a systematic procedure, students will

be able to learn from a well-tired procedure
• since the demonstrators are selected and
adjudged to be skilled

The use of expensive equipment and

• machines will be maximized

Possible wastage of time, effort and resources

will be avoided since the demonstration is
supposed to be well-planned in advance
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Advantages of Demonstration Method LOGO

• It will not result to trial-and-error learning as

what happens with unplanned learning
activities

Findings are reliable and accurate since the

• procedures has been tried before

• The value of confidence is developed among

the demonstrators for such hands-on
demonstrators for such hands-on
demonstration

Curiosity and keen observing ability are instilled

among the observers
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Examples: LOGO

• How to focus a microscope

• Preserving flowers and other specimens

• Performing First-Aid

How to mix ingredients for a menu

•
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Let's Review: LOGO

1. Modeling...

a. is a direct teaching activity.

b. is seldom used by effective teachers.

C. allows students to imitate from demonstration

or infer from observation the behavior to be
learned.

d. both a and c.
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Let's Review: LOGO

2. Direct Instruction is more appropriate when..

a. cooperative learning is not an option.

b. the teacher needs to arouse or heighten

student interest.

C. attempting to achieve content mastery and

overlearning of fundamental facts.

d. both b and c.
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Let's Review: LOGO

3. This method of teaching presents a general

concept by first defining it and then providing
examples or illustrations that demonstrate the
idea until it achieve the concept mastery.

a. Inductive

b. Deductive

c. Directive

d. Demonstrative
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Let's Review: LOGO

4. Mr. Cruz is very careful in his classroom about

using his class time efficiently and having active
student practice. To do this, Mr. Cruz uses an
instructional sequence of review, presenting
new content, practice, feedback, and reteaching.
He is attempting to achieve the goals of.

a. mastery learning

b. indirect instruction

c. lecturing

d. cooperative learning
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Let's Review: LOGO

5. Among the methods/approaches

discussed, which teaching method/s is use
in Guided/Exploratory Approach?

a. Direct Instruction

b. Deductive Method

C. Inductive Method

d. both b &c