ENS – 201 ENVIRONMENTAL STUDIES

AND DISASTER MANAGEMENT (2+1)

GANGA ACTION PLAN AND NAMAMI

GANGE PROGRAM

M.J.OVIYA
B.Sc(HONS)HORTICULTURE
ABSTRACT:
• Quality of Ganga water has severely deteriorated.
• Pollution in ganga is majorly contributed by industrial and municipal
sewage , to reduce this Government Of India (GOI) has taken measures
like ganga action plan and namami gange programs to bring back the
sacred ganga river.
• By this actions pesticides are reduced but the microbial contamination also
significiantly increase.
• Lets us view the advantages and difficulties in this measures.

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INTRODUCTION:
• Ganga is the sacred , historic and most important river in North India.
• It covers over 12,500 sq.km of northern india before dischar,ged ,into bay
of Bengal.Drainage basin of ganga is approxiametely 8,61,404 sq. km
which is ranked 15 th largest in asia.
• Due to rapid indusrtrilization and anthropogenic activities the one crystal
clear Himalayan river ganga now become a cesspool pollution in river
ganga consists of both inorganic and organic contaminants derived from
municipal sewage , industrial effulents, agricultural runoff.
• For decades, The Government Of India (GOI) has attempted strategies to
renovate such as ganga action plan (GAP) and NGRBA but with limited
success
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SOURCE OF POLLUTION
• Municipal sewage and industrial effulents are major contribution in the
plight of ganga pollution.
• Approximately 8250 million per day (MLD) of wastewater is generated from
towns in ganga basin yet treatment facilities can only treat 3500 MLD and
roughly 2550 MLD of this waste is discharged directly into ganga
• Discharge of untreatment sewage has resulted in poor water quality (ie Ph,
EC , BOD , COD)
• Cental Pollution Control Board(CPCB) reported microbial counts higher
than permissible limits in drinking (50MPN/100ml) and bathing water
(500MPN/100 ml).
• Most sewage plant failed in environmental regulations in Kanpur.
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MANAGEMENT AND MITIGATION
PLANS FOR GANGA

GANGA ACTION PLAN (GAP):

• To mitigate increasing pollution , the first pollution abatement plan
ie.,(GAP) was launched by GOI in 1985 after the comprehensive
survey by CPCB.
OBJECTIVE:
• To restore river water quality to less stringent class B “bathing
standards”.(1987)

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PHASES OF GANGA ACTION PLAN
(GAP)
GAP was launched in phases namely
 phase I

 phase II and
 namami ganga ( referred to as phase III).

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GAP PHASE I (GAP I )

• Priority was given to interception and diversion of waste

water and its treatment in sewage treatment plants(STP).
• A large portion of initial budget was spent on treatment of
urban sewage.these chemes were implemented in 25 towns
(class I) with population > 1,00,000 comprised by three
states under GAP I.

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OUTCOMES/DIFFICULTIES:
• As GAP I addressed only a part of ganga pollution problem.
There is a lack of planning.
• Schemes were prepared without an appropriate survey of the
location, including the routes .
• The plan did not concentrated on treatment and resource
recovery system.
• Delays in implementation and cost escalation.

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GAP PHASE II
• GAP II was launced in stages between 1993 and 1996 in 56
yowns covering five states.
• Priority was given to pollution abatement programmes for its
tributaries( like yamuna, gomati, and damodar) which discharge
directly into the river.

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OUTCOMES/DIFFICULTIES:
• Objective should be established for renovating river to class A
rather than class B as people use river water directly for
drinking.
• Lack of public participation
• GAP adopted the upflow anaerobic sludge blanket technology
but it was not carried out any comparative assessment of
sewage treatment technologies on criteria of suitability or
efficiency .
• Failed in removing of bacterial contamination in river.

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NATIONAL GANGA RIVER BASIN
AUTHORITY
• The NGRBA is a planning , monitoring and coordinating body of
center and stable government.
• AIM:
 to ensure effective pollution abatement and conservation of river
by adopting well planned approach of river basin management
plan.
• NGRBA has been dissolved in 2016 and is now called the
national council for rejuvenation , protection and management
of river ganga.

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NAMAMI GANGE MISSION (NGM)
• In 2014, GOI announced one of its most ambitious plan called namami
gange mission ( NGM) , also known as the “namami ganga”, for
cleaning up ganga with budget of more than 20,000 crores.
OBJECTIVE:
To improve the quality of river ganga with continuous and
unpolluted flow while maintaining its ecological and geological
integrity

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MAIN ACTIVITIES OF NGM
1. Construction of sewage treatment plants (STP) with inceased
capacity.
2. Riverfront development program for construction,modernization and
renovation of crematories
3. Biodiversity,conservation and afforestation along river bank.
4. Public awareness program.
5. Indusrial effluents monitoring through installation of real time water
quality monitoring stations.

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 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
CASE STUDY I
CLEANING THE RIVER GANGA : IMPACT OF LOCKDOWN ON WATER
QUALITY AND FUTURE IMPLICATION ON RIVER REJENUVATION
STRATEGIES
Venkatesh dutta,Divya dubey,Saroj kumar 2020
• Signs of rejuvenation and improvement following the national wide
lockdown due to coronavirus pandemic.
• Closure of industrial units and commercial establishments ,sewage water
was not lifted.
• It was observed that 60 % excess rainfall increased dilution of pollutants.
• Impact could be seen in terms of reduced BOD and nitrate concentrations.
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CASE STUDY II
POTENTIAL IMPACT OF CLIMATE AND LAND USE CHANGE ON WATER
QUALITY OF GANGA RIVER AROUND THE INDUSTRIALIZED KANPUR
REGION
Sneha santy,Pradeep Mujumdar&Govindasamy bala 2020.
• DO is identified as most sensitive indicator to climate change senarios
while nutrients and coliform are more sensitive to land use scenarios.
• Increased in agricultural land area leads to large nutrient concentration
while increased feacal coliforms concentration.

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CASE STUDY III
SPATIAL CHANGES IN WATER AND HEAVY METAL CONTAMINATE IN
WATER AND SEDIMENT OF RIVER GANGA IN THE RIVER BELT
HARIDWAR TO KANPUR.
Dinesh kumar etan 2019.
• Water samples were collected seasonally from nine selected sited from Haridwar to
Kanpur.
• Water quality is evaluated by water index (WQI) using BIS and WHO standards
• WQI values showed good water quality at Haridwar site (<100) while it was very poor
at other sites and Kanpur (>100) renders hihly unfit for human consumption.
• Lead concentration was higher at Kannauj site while high Cr was observed at
Siddhanath ghat Kanpur.
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REFERENCE:
Tare, Vinod, Purnendu Bose, and Santosh K. Gupta. "Suggestions for a
modified approach towards implementation and assessment of Ganga
action plan and other similar river action plans in India." Water Quality
Research Journal 38.4 (2003): 607-626.
Singh, Praveen. "Bridging the Ganga action plan: monitoring failure at
Kanpur.“
Srivastava, V. K. "Indian Rivers Pollution—Critical Analysis: Ganga Action
Plan." Indian Chemical Engineer 52.2 (2010): 155-156. Economic and
Political Weekly (2006): 590-592.

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THANK YOU

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