SUBJECT : TEXTILE TECHNOLOGY

TOPIC : DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRL

AND CRT TENSILE TESTER
Breaking strength indicates the maximum tension that the fiber
is able to sustain before it breaks from a particular point.

Breaking Force indicate the maximum force

required to break a specimen.

Tensile strength of fibers are measured in 3 ways:-

.•The constant rate of the traverse – CRT
• The constant rate of specimen elongation – CRE
• The constant rate of loading - CRL
 CRL
• In constant rate of loading (CRL) , the specimen is applied load at
a constant rate .
• The oldest methods of measurement system .
• In this system load is increased on the specimen length at constant
rate and the extension of the specimen depends on the load.
• dF/dT(load) is constant.
Constant Rate of loading (CRL)
• A specimen 'A' is gripped in a fixed top jaw j1
and in a bottom jaw j2 which is moveable.
• A force F is initially zero but increasing at
constant from zero, is applied to the specimen
along the directions shown in figure.
• Due to applied force, the specimen will be
extended until it eventually breaks.
• The loading has thus caused the elongation and
then the specimen breaks.
Constant rate of Elongation(CRE)
• Elongation is applied on the specimen at constant rate.

• In this system constant extension is given on the specimen

• The specimen gets elongated and this elongation then causes
break of the specimen.
• Rate of increase of specimen length is uniform with time (the
load measuring mechanism moves a negligible distance).
Constant rate of Elongation(CRE)
• A specimen 'B' is gripped in the fixed top jaw ‘j3
a and in the bottom jaw j4 which is moveable
downwards
• The bottom jaw j4 can move downwards at a
constant velocity by means of a screw
mechanism.
• Initially the tension in 'B' is zero but when the
bottom jaw j4 moves downwards the specimen
is extended and an increasing tension is
developed until the specimen finally breaks.
• dE/dT are constant.
FACTORS AFFECTING CRL AND CRE
• MOISTURE:- When the fibres are dry the load bearing capacity is more except for cotton fibres.
As cotton fibres have more crystalline region so it acquires more strength when wet.
• EFFECT OF TIME TO BREAK (t):- With increase in velocity of the moving screw the time to
break reduces.
t = 0.6xEl
v
The time to break depends upon the load . If load is more the time to break reduces.
• DEPENDS ON GAUGE LENGTH:- Tensile strength also depends on gauge length of the
specimen.
DIFFERENCE BETWEEN CRL AND CRE
MACHINES THAT WORK ON CRE PRINCIPLE ARE:-
• Instron Tensile tester

• UTM
• Tensorapid
MACHINES THAT WORK ON CRE PRINCIPLE ARE
Lea strength tester
Conclusion
Most modern machines operate on the constant rate of elongation
principle where the moving jaw is driven by a screw thread
moving at a constant rotational speed. The construction of the
machine depends on its ultimate load capacity. Mostly all the
equipment used for determining strength, Elongation property and
load of extension of fiber and yarn.