John Paul L.

Oliveros, MD, DPPS

HUMAN PHYSIOLOGY BIOLOGY 012

Mechanism and causality

 Physiology: is the study of how things work  Human physiology: individual molecular

processes processes that depend on many separate organs of the body  Mechanist view: all phenomenon, no matter how complex, can be described in terms of physical and chemical laws  Vitalism: a vital force, beyond physics and chemistry, is required to explain life  Causality: to reduce a phenomenon to causally linked sequence of scientific events in order to explain it

Cell theory
 Cells:
Simplest structural units in which a multicellular organism can be dividedand still retain funtions and characteristics of life Cell differentiation: the process of transforming an unspecialized cell into a specialized cell Cells with similar specialization migrate to adhere with other cells to form multicellular structures

Cells
 200 different kinds of cells

in the body  Functional Classification Muscle cells:

Generate mechanical forces that produces force and movement

Epithelial cells: Selective secretions of ions and organic molecules Located on the surfaces Cover the body or organs Line the walls of tubular or hollow structures

Connective Tissue cells

Connecting, anchoring, and supporting the structures of the body Loose CT, fat cells, blood cells, bone cells

Nerve cells:
Initiate and conduct electrical signals

Tissues
 Aggregate of a single type  Extracellular fluid  Extracellular matrix

of cell  4 classes
Muscle tissue Nerve Tissue Epithelial Tissue Connective Tissue

Protein and mineral mixture specific for each tissue

Collagen fibers Elastin fibers Proteincarbohydratemixture

Functions:
Scafold for cellular attachments Transmits information between cells ( chemical
messengers)

Organs and Organ systems

 Organs:
Composed of the 4 kinds of tissues arranged in various proportions and patterns Functional Units:
Smaller similar subunits of an organ Performs function of an organ

 Organ systems:
A collection of organs that perform an overall function 10 organ systems

Internal Environment
 Cells in our body are not in direct contact

with the external environment  The overall effect of the activities of the organ systems is to create within the body an environment in which all cells can survive and function  Internal environment:
Fluid environment surrounding each cell AKA extracellular fluid

Internal Environment

Homeostasis
 Homeostasis:
The relative constancy of the internal environment Changes may occur but are small and kept within narrow ranges

 Homeostatic control system:

a collection of body components that functions to keep a physical or chemical property of the internal environment relatively constant 3 components :
Detection of the changes in the magnitude of the property Relaying of information to appropriate sites Commanding particular cells to change their funtion to restore property to its original value

Body-Fluid Compartments
 Total Body Water (TBW): 60% of body weight  Intracellular Fluid: 2/3 of TBW  Extracellular fluid:1/3 of TBW
Interstitial fluid
80% of ECF Fluid in between and surrounding cells

Plasma:
20% of ECF Blood= plasma + suspended cells (blood cells)

Body-Fluid Compartments
 Compartmentalization:
Important principle in physiology Achieved by barriers between compartments Barriers regulate passage of substances between compartments Cell membranes: between cells and interstial fluid Blood vessels: between plasma and interstitial fluid

Body Fluid Compartments