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 Definition of terms:

Government – an institution of the state where persons vested with government

powers and requisite authority maintain law and order in the territory under its
control for the development of the peoples residing therein.

National government – the government or political authority that controls a

nation.

Local government- a political subdivision of a state, including, but not limited to, a
country, city, town or other incorporated community or subdivision providing local
government service for residents in a geographically limited area of the state as its
primary purpose, and has the power to act primarily on behalf of the area
 Definition of terms:

Intergovernmental Relations (IGR)

-is broadly defined as the coming together of different orders of government
through formal or informal process, for the achievement of common goals.
-the essence of IGR is to facilitate cooperation and collaboration between
different orders of government.

People’s Organization (POs) – are groups of people outside of government, who

are organized for the attainment of some legitimate aspirations such as labor
unions and cooperatives which may also be profit-oriented.

Non-governmental Organizations (NGOs)- are groups of people who are involved

in a more or less systematic pursuit of some particularized sectoral activity.
 Executive Supervision

Section 25, LGC: National Supervision over LGUs

(a) President shall exercise general supervision over LGUs
 To ensure that their acts are within the scope of their prescribed powers and
functions
 President shall exercise supervisory authority:
1) Directly over provinces, highly urbanized cities and independent
component cities
2) Through the province with respect to component cities and
municipalities, and
3) Through the city and municipality with respect to the barangays
 Executive Supervision

Section 25, LGC: National Supervision over LGUs

(b) National agencies and offices with project implementation functions shall
coordinate with one another and with the LGUs concerned in the discharge of these
functions
 Ensure participation of LGUs both in planning and implementation of national
projects

(c) President MAY direct appropriate national agency to provide financial, technical,
or other forms of assistance to the LGU
 Upon request of the LGU
 Assistance extended at no extra cost to LGU
 Executive Supervision

Section 25, LGC: National Supervision over LGUs

(d) National agencies and offices including GOCCs with field units or branches in a
province, city, or municipality shall furnish the local chief executive concerned
monthly reports including duly certified budgetary allocations and expenditures

Constitutional Provisions
1) Art. X, Sec. 2 and 4
2) Art. XI, Sec. 2
 Executive Supervision

Presidential Power over LGUs: SUPERVISION only

• Supervision – to ensure that the acts of the subordinate are within their powers
and functions and properly exercised
• Presidential power of supervision may be done either:
(1) DIRECTLY – over provinces, highly urbanized cities, and independent
component cities
(2) INDIRECTLY – over component cities, municipalities, and barangays
 Executive Supervision

Doctrine of Qualified Political Agency

• Carpio v. Executive Sec. – All executive and administrative organizations are
adjuncts of the Executive Department, the heads of the various executive
departments are assistants and agents of the Chief Executive; the functions are
performed by and through the executive departments, and the acts of the
secretaries, performed and promulgated in the regular course of business are,
unless disapproved or reprobated by the Chief Executive, presumptively the acts
of the Chief Executive
– EXCEPT:
1. Where the constitution or law requires the President to act in person, or
2. Where the exigencies of the situation demand the he act personally
 Executive Supervision

BUT this rule is NOT applicable to local government officials

• Though still part of the Executive Department, they are only under the
supervision of the Chief Executive
• President has no control over LGUs
• Thus, President can only interfere in the affairs and activities of an LGU if he or
she finds that the latter has acted contrary to law (supervision)
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