TRIGGER 6

September 1, 2022
 Apal, Grethel Mae
 Ballentos, Winkaiser Fradisson
 Danila, Kathleen
 De Vera, Jhon Michael
 Galo, Alliah Yurih
 Garcia, Rominna Beatrice
 Mansueto, Kyla Camille
 Maquiling, Riel Laurence
 Otadoy, Rizza Mae
 Palacio, Daryl June
 Pamakid, Karl Rafael
 Tan, Maxene Jhay
 Tapayan, Jovial Zenith Ray

College of Radiologic Technology

 Trigger 6

Years ago, it was first recognized that exposure to ionizing

radiation had biological consequences. Much information has since
been accumulated from studies with irradiated animals and plants,
and from studies of effects at the cellular and molecular levels.
 Guide Questions:

1. What are the different structures of a cell?

2. What are the different cellular functions?
3. What is the atomic composition of the body?
A. What is the most abundant atomic composition?
4. What are the types of molecular bonds?
5. What is the molecular composition of the body?
A. What is the most abundant molecular composition?
1. What are the different structures of a cell?

A cell is defined as the smallest, basic unit of life that is responsible for all of life’s
processes. All organisms are made up of cells. They may be made up of a single
cell or many cells. Cells are the building blocks of all living beings. They provide
structure to the body and convert the nutrients taken from the food into energy.

There are many different types, sizes, and shapes of cells in the body. For
descriptive purposes, the concept of a "generalized cell" is introduced. It includes
features from all cell types. These features include- cell wall, cell membrane,
cytoplasm, nucleus, and cell organelles. Listen to explore more insights on cell
structure and function.
1. What are the different structures of a cell?
1. What are the different structures of a cell?

Cell Membrane
 The cell membrane, also called the plasma membrane, is found in all cells and separates the interior of the
cell from the outside environment. The cell membrane consists of a lipid bilayer that is semipermeable.
The cell membrane regulates the transport of materials entering and exiting the cell.

Cell Wall
 The main function of the cell wall is to provide structural strength and support, and also provide a semi-
permeable surface for molecules to pass in and out of the cell.

Cytoplasm
 The cytoplasm is a thick, clear, jelly-like substance present inside the cell membrane.
 Most of the chemical reactions within a cell take place in this cytoplasm.
 The cell organelles such as endoplasmic reticulum, vacuoles, mitochondria, ribosomes, are suspended in
this cytoplasm
1. What are the different structures of a cell?
Nucleus
 The nucleus contains the hereditary material of the cell, the DNA.
 It sends signals to the cells to grow, mature, divide and die.
 The nucleus is surrounded by the nuclear envelope that separates the DNA from the rest of the cell.
 The nucleus protects the DNA and is an integral component of a plant’s cell structure.

Cell Organelles
 Cells are composed of various cell organelles that perform certain specific functions to carry out life’s
processes. The different cell organelles, along with its principal functions, are as follows:
o Nucleolus – The nucleolus is the site of ribosome synthesis. Also, it is involved in controlling cellular
activities and cellular reproduction.
o Nuclear membrane – The nuclear membrane protects the nucleus by forming a boundary between the
nucleus and other cell organelles.
o Chromosomes – Chromosomes play a crucial role in determining the sex of an individual. Each human
cells contain 23 pairs of chromosomes.
1. What are the different structures of a cell?

o Endoplasmic reticulum –The endoplasmic reticulum can either be smooth or rough, it is involved in
the transportation of substances throughout the cell. And in general, its function includes in the
metabolism of carbohydrates, synthesis of lipids, steroids and proteins.
o Golgi apparatus – Golgi bodies are called the cell’s post office as it is involved in the transportation of
materials within the cell.
o Ribosomes – Ribosomes are the protein synthesizers of the cell.
o Mitochondria – The mitochondrion is called “the powerhouse of the cell.” It is called so because it
produces ATP – the cell’s energy currency.
o Lysosomes – Lysosomes protect the cell by engulfing the foreign bodies entering the cell and help in
cell renewal. Therefore, they are known as the cell’s suicide bags.
o Chloroplast – Chloroplasts are the primary organelles for photosynthesis. It contains the pigment
called chlorophyll.
o Vacuoles – Vacuoles store food, water, and other waste materials in the cell.
2. What are the different cellular functions?

• Provide Structure and Support

• Facilitate Growth Through Mitosis
• Allow Passive and Active Transport
• Produce Energy
• Create Metabolic Reactions
• Aids in Reproduction

Protein synthesis - good example of a critical cellular function necessary for survival
3. What is the atomic composition of the body?

The human body is made up of

atoms at its most basic level;
radiation interacts at the atomic
level. The kind and degree of
radiation interaction that
happens are determined by the
body's atomic composition. The
molecular and tissue
composition defines the nature
of the radiation response.
A. What is the most abundant atomic composition?

The most abundant atomic

composition is Hydrogen that takes
up 60.0% of the body. Hydrogen is
present in the form of water (along
with oxygen) as well as being an
important element in organic
molecules. They are found
throughout your body, mostly as
water but also as components of
biomolecules such as proteins, fats,
DNA and carbohydrates.
4. What are the types of molecular bonds?

Types of molecular bonds

 Ionic bonding
It is formed when valence electrons are transferred from one
atom to the other to complete the outer electron shell.

 Covalent bonding
It is formed when the valence electrons from
one atom are shared between two or more particular
atoms.
4. What are the types of molecular bonds?

 Metallic Bonding
It is formed when the valence electrons are not
associated with a particular atom or ion, but exist
as a "cloud" of electrons around them ion centers.
 5. What is the molecular composition of the body?

Five principal types of molecules are found

in the body. Four of these molecules—
proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and
nucleic acids—are macromolecules.

 WATER is the most abundant molecule in the body, and it is the simplest. It plays a particularly important
role in delivering energy to the target molecule, thereby contributing to radiation effects.
 PROTEINS are long-chain macromolecules that consist of a linear sequence of amino acids connected by
peptide bonds. Protein provide structure and support in the body. It also function as enzymes, hormones,
and antibodies.
 5. What is the molecular composition of the body?

 LIPIDS are organic macromolecules composed solely of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. Lipids often are concentrated
just under the skin and serve as a thermal insulator from the environment and serve as fuel for the body by providing
energy stores.
 CARBOHYDRATES, similar to lipids, but their structure is different. Some carbohydrates are incorporated into the
structure of cells and tissues to provide shape and stability. The human polysaccharide, glycogen, is stored in the
body and is used as fuel only when quantities of the simple sugar, glucose, are inadequate.
 NUCLEIC ACIDS are important to human metabolism: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA).
• DNA serves as the command or control molecule for cell function.
• Two types of RNA have been identified: messenger RNA (mRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). These molecules are
involved in the growth and development of the cell through a number of biochemical pathways, most notably,
protein synthesis.
5. A. What is the most abundant molecular composition?

The most abundant molecular constituent of the body

is water. Water has the following functions in the
human body:

It is used to cool the body.

It is used as a substrate in chemical reactions.
Water is also used in the excretion of waste products
from the body.
 5. A. What is the most abundant molecular composition?

It consists of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen (H2O)

and constitutes approximately 80% of human substance. Humans
are basically made of structured water. The water molecules exist
both in the free state and in the bound state, that is, bound to other
molecules. It is accounting for 65 percent to 90 percent of each cell.
It’s also present between cells. For example, blood and
cerebrospinal fluid are mostly water. They provide some form and
shape, assist in maintaining body temperature, and enter into some
biochemical reactions.
Concept Map:
TRIGGER 5
 References:
Bushong, S. C., Radiologic Science for Technologists - Physics, Biology, and Protection. 10th Edition.https
://drive.google.com/file/d/1uBP1gRsYG4UW2OkWSq60KH0-BtkR1Tsf/view?usp=sharing

Bushong, S. (2017). Human Biology. Radiologic Science for Technologists: Physics, Biology, and Protection (11th ed.,
pp. 473-476). Elsevier.
Anne Marie Helmenstine, P. D. (2019, December 2). Human body composition as elements and compounds.
ThoughtCo. Retrieved September 1, 2022, from https://www.thoughtco.com/chemical-composition-of-the-human-
body-603995#:~:text=Water%3A%20Water%20is%20the%20most,cerebrospinal%20fluid%20are%20mostly
%20water.
Take online courses. earn college credit. Research Schools, Degrees & Careers. Study.com. (n.d.). Retrieved
September 1, 2022, from https://homework.study.com/explanation/is-the-most-abundant-chemical-compound-in-
the-human-body.html
THANK YOU!