Unit 1

Introduction to Database Management Systems
Manisha 7754837557
manisha@isdcglobal.org.uk
Overview
• Database Management System is a software

used to Define, Record, Query, Update and
Manage data in a database.
• DBMS stores data in a structured way
(Relational, Hierarchical, Flat Files, Objects etc.).
• DBMS can interact with some other
applications, if required.
• A Fourth Generation Query Language (SQL-
Structured Query Language) is used to
communicate with recorded data in Database
Management Systems.
• DBMS also provide some standard mechanism
to communicate with other DBMS systems or
with other applications.
• A few application areas of DBMS are Finance,
Marketing, Sales, Banking, Manufacturing,
Airlines etc.
Manisha 7754837557
Characteristics of a DBMS
Data
Consistency Isolation Concurrency Data Integrity Durability Security
Persistence
Manisha 7754837557
Data exists even

if the process
that created it is
finished
Data must be No effect on

stored on a Non data if system
Volatile Storage crashes
Persistence
Data will not get

Any
erased unless it
modification in
is deleted
data will survive
explicitly
Retention of
State
Manisha 7754837557
Set of guidelines
ensuring accuracy
of transactions
Only valid data

Measure of
will be written to
correctness
the database
Consistency
Any given
There must be no database
internal conflict transaction must
based on data change affected
written data only in
allowed ways
The data validity

is based on rules,
constraints, etc.
Manisha 7754837557
Specifies when
and how the
changes
implemented
become visible
Deals with
Lower Isolation
consistency and
levels causes
completeness of
dirty reads
data
Isolation
Higher Isolation
Uses different
levels limits the
kinds of locks to
users to
maintain
concurrently
different levels
access same data
No transaction
will affect the
existence of
other transaction
unless related
Manisha 7754837557
Ability for
multiple processes
to access or
change shared
data at the same
time
Ensures
Employs the use concurrent user
of several processes can
concurrency execute without
control protocols blocking each
other
Concurrency
The users
Allows multiple
querying for same
users to affect
data must be able
multiple
to view the data
transactions
uniformly
Employs the use

of logs to hold the
data until its
written on storage
Manisha 7754837557
Ensures that all

the data in
database can be
traced and
connected to
other data
Maintaining
integrity means Ensures
making sure the everything is
data remains recoverable and
intact and searchable
unchanged
Data
Integrity
Ensures accurate,
reliable and
consistent data Increases stability
throughout the
database
Increases
performance,
reusability
Manisha 7754837557
Ensures data
persistence and
permanence
Uses backups and

logs to facilitate Ensures the
the restoration of changes in data
committed are never lost
transactions
Durability
If any failure
Compliments occurs, the data
failure recovery written to disk
persists
The updates are

permanent and
are stored in non-
volatile memory
Manisha 7754837557
Concerns the
usage of security
protocols and
controls to protect
databases
Employs access
Enforces several
control, auditing,
security protocols
authentication
on tables and
and encryption to
views
secure
Security
Uses backups and
Employs and
recovery to
maintains disaster
provide and
recovery fail safes
enforce
in case of data
application
breaches
security
Reviews privileges
granted to users
and accounts
Manisha 7754837557
Architecture of a DBMS (3-Tier Architecture)
DBMS 3-tier architecture divides the complete system into three inter-related but independent modules as shown below:
1. Physical Level: At physical level of a database describes how the

data is being stored in secondary storage devices like disks and
tapes and also gives insights on additional storage details.
2. Conceptual Level: At conceptual level, data is represented in the
form of various database tables. Also referred as logical schema, it
describes what kind of data is to be stored in the database.
3. External Level: An external level specifies a view of the data in
terms of conceptual level tables. Each external level view is used
to cater to the needs of a particular category of users.
4. Logical Design: Logical Design represents data in the form of
relational model. ER diagram produced in the conceptual design
phase is used to convert the data into the Relational Model.
Manisha 7754837557
Architecture of a DBMS (3-Tier Architecture)
User 1 User 2 User 3
External Schema A External View External View External Schema B

A B
External/Conceptual External/Conceptual
Mapping A Mapping B
Conceptual Conceptual
Schema View
Conceptual/Internal
Mapping
Internal Schema Internal View
Manisha 7754837557
Architecture of a DBMS
2-Tier DBMS Architecture

3-Tier DBMS Architecture
• 2-Tier DBMS architecture includes an
• It is an extension of the 2-tier architecture.
Application layer between the user and the
DBMS, which is responsible to
• In 3-tier architecture, an additional
communicate the user's request to the
Presentation or GUI Layer is added, which
database management system and then
provides a graphical user interface for the
send the response from the DBMS to the
End user to interact with the DBMS.
user.
• For the end user, the GUI layer is the
• An application interface known as
Database System, and the end user has no
ODBC(Open Database Connectivity)
idea about the application layer and the
provides an API that allow client side
DBMS system.
program to call the DBMS.
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
A database model shows the logical structure of a database, including the relationships and
constraints that determine how data can be stored and accessed. Individual database models are
designed based on the rules and concepts of whichever broader data model the designers adopt.
Most data models can be represented by an accompanying database diagram.
Object
Relational Hierarchical Object Oriented
Network Model Relational
Model Model Model
Model(ORD)
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
Relational Model
• The most common model.
• The relational model sorts data into tables, also known
as relations, each of which consists of columns and
rows.
• Each column lists an attribute of the entity in question,
such as price, zip code, or birth date. Together, the
attributes in a relation are called a domain.
• A particular attribute or combination of attributes is
chosen as a primary key that can be referred to in other
tables, when it’s called a foreign key.
• Each row, also called a tuple, includes data about a
specific instance of the entity in question, such as a
particular employee.
• The model also accounts for the types of relationships
between those tables, including one-to-one, one-to-
many, and many-to-many relationships.
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
Hierarchical Model
• The Hierarchical model organizes data into a tree-like structure, where each record has a single
parent or root.
• Sibling records are sorted in a particular order. That order is used as the physical order for storing
the database.
• This model is good for describing many real-world relationships.
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
Network Model
• The network model builds on the hierarchical model
by allowing many-to-many relationships between
linked records, implying multiple parent records.
• Based on mathematical set theory, the model is
constructed with sets of related records. Each set
consists of one owner or parent record and one or
more member or child records. A record can be a
member or child in multiple sets, allowing this model
to convey complex relationships.
• It was most popular in the 70s after it was formally
defined by the Conference on Data Systems
Languages (CODASYL).
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
Object-Oriented Model
• This model defines a database as a collection of
objects, or reusable software elements, with
associated features and methods.
• There are several kinds of object-oriented
databases:
• A Multimedia Database incorporates media,
such as images, that could not be stored in a
relational database.
• A Hypertext Database allows any object to link
to any other object. It’s useful for organizing
lots of disparate data, but it’s not ideal for
numerical analysis.
• The object-oriented database model is the best
known post-relational database model, since it
incorporates tables, but isn’t limited to tables. Such
models are also known as hybrid database models.
Manisha 7754837557
Data Models
Entity-Relationship Model
• This model captures the relationships
between real-world entities much like
the network model, but it isn’t as
directly tied to the physical structure
of the database. Instead, it’s often
used for designing a database
conceptually.
• Here, the people, places, and things
about which data points are stored
are referred to as entities, each of
which has certain attributes that
together make up their domain.
• The cardinality, or relationships
between entities, are mapped as well.
Manisha 7754837557
RDBMS – Relational Database Management Systems
Relational Database Management System, is a software system or collection of various programs

that work together on a relational data model database and offer various integrated entities like
Database Administration, Data Definition, Creation, Updations etc. Some examples of RDBMS are:
• SQL
• MySQL
• IBM DB2
• Oracle
• Microsoft Access
Manisha 7754837557
Dr. E F Codd was an English computer scientist who, while working for IBM, invented the relational
model for database management, the theoretical basis for relational databases and relational
database management systems. He made other valuable contributions to computer science, but the
relational model, a very influential general theory of data management, remains his most mentioned,
analyzed and celebrated achievement.
Dr. E F Codd
Manisha 7754837557
Manisha 7754837557
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
An entity relationship diagram (ERD) shows the relationships of entity sets stored in a database. An
entity in this context is an object, a component of data. An entity set is a collection of similar entities.
These entities can have attributes that define its properties.
By defining the entities, their attributes, and showing the relationships between them, an ER diagram
illustrates the logical structure of databases.
ER diagrams are used to sketch out the design of a database.
Manisha 7754837557
Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) – Hospital Management System
Manisha 7754837557
Entity, Attributes, Relationships etc. form the components of ER Diagram and there are defined
symbols and shapes to represent each one of them.
Entity
Simple rectangular box represents an Entity.
Relationships between Entities - Weak and Strong

Rhombus is used to setup relationships between two or
more entities.
Manisha 7754837557
Attributes for any Entity

Ellipse is used to represent attributes of any entity. It is
connected to the entity.
Weak Entity
A weak Entity is represented using double rectangular
boxes. It is generally connected to another entity.
Manisha 7754837557
Key Attribute for any Entity
To represent a Key attribute, the attribute name inside the

Ellipse is underlined.
Derived Attribute for any Entity
Derived attributes are those which are derived based on

other attributes, for example, age can be derived from
date of birth.
To represent a derived attribute, another dotted ellipse is

created inside the main ellipse. Manisha 7754837557
Multivalued Attribute for any Entity
Double Ellipse, one inside another, represents the attribute

which can have multiple values.
Composite Attribute for any Entity
A composite attribute is the attribute, which also has

attributes.
Manisha 7754837557
Practice Time
Charles is a newly appointed Database Administrator at Standard bank. The
management of this bank wants to computerize the process of banking. According to
the bank's policy, one can have many accounts, but one account cannot be shared by
many customers. Identify the entities, their attributes and the type of relationship
between the entities.
Manisha 7754837557
ER Diagram of a Bank
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
VISIT
www.mysql.com
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
GO TO
DOWNLOADS
SECTION
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
SCROLL DOWN
AND SELECT
COMMUNITY
DOWNLOADS
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
SELECT
MySQL
COMMUNITY
SERVER
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
SCROLL
DOWN
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
CLICK HERE
FOR
INSTALLER
DOWNLOAD
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
SCROLL
DOWN
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
CLICK HERE
TO
DOWNLOAD
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
SAVE FILE
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Download
RUN THE
DOWNLOADED
FILE
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
TYPE
PASSWORD AS
ROOT
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Installation
Manisha 7754837557
MySQL Workbench
Manisha 7754837557
SQL – Structured Query Language
Structure Query Language(SQL) is a database query language used for storing and managing data in
Relational DBMS. SQL was the first commercial language introduced for E.F Codd's Relational model
of database. Today almost all RDBMS(MySQL, Oracle, Infomix, Sybase, MS Access) use SQL as the
standard database query language. SQL is used to perform all types of data operations in RDBMS.
Manisha 7754837557
SQL Command Types
DML : Data DCL : Data DQL : Data Query

TCL : Transaction Language
DDL : Data Manipulation Control Language Control Language
Definition Language Language
This includes DML commands These commands Data control Data query language
changes to the are used for are to keep a language are the is used to fetch data
structure of the manipulating the check on other commands to from tables based on
table like creation of data stored in the commands and grant and take conditions that we
table, altering table, table and not the their effect on the back authority can easily apply.
deleting a table etc. table itself. database. from any database
All DDL commands DML commands user.
are auto-committed. are not auto-
committed.
Manisha 7754837557

Unit 1

Uploaded by

Document Information

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 1

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Introduction to Database Management Systems

• Database Management System is a software

Data exists even

Data must be No effect on

Data will not get

Only valid data

The data validity

Employs the use

Ensures that all

Uses backups and

The updates are

1. Physical Level: At physical level of a database describes how the

User 1 User 2 User 3

External Schema A External View External View External Schema B

Internal Schema Internal View

2-Tier DBMS Architecture

Relational Database Management System, is a software system or collection of various programs

ER diagrams are used to sketch out the design of a database.

Relationships between Entities - Weak and Strong

Attributes for any Entity

Key Attribute for any Entity

To represent a Key attribute, the attribute name inside the

Derived Attribute for any Entity

Derived attributes are those which are derived based on

To represent a derived attribute, another dotted ellipse is

Multivalued Attribute for any Entity

Double Ellipse, one inside another, represents the attribute

Composite Attribute for any Entity

A composite attribute is the attribute, which also has

DML : Data DCL : Data DQL : Data Query

You might also like