CHEMICAL BONDING

Types of Chemical Bonding

•Ionic bonding involves the transfer of electrons from a metal to a nonmetal.

•Covalent bonding involves the sharing of electrons typically between two nonmetals.
•Metallic bonding involves electron pooling and occurs when a metal bonds to another metal.
 Lewis Structure

•To draw the Lewis symbol for any main-group element:

• Note the Group number, which gives the number of valence electrons.
• Place one dot at a time on each of the four sides of the element symbol.
• Keep adding dots, pairing them, until all are used up.
• For example, N is in Group 5A and therefore has 5 valence electrons
Lewis Structure for Elements in Periods 2 and 3

Each atom tries to attain the octet structure by exchanging or sharing

electrons.
 The Ionic Bonding Model

•An ionic bond is formed when a metal transfers electrons to a nonmetal to form ions.
•An orderly arrangement of all the positive and negative ions give rise to a crystal lattice.
 Periodic Trends in Lattice Energy

•Lattice dissociation energy is the energy required to separate 1 mol of an ionic solid into gaseous ions. (+ve
energy, endothermic)
• Lattice formation energy has the same value as the lattice dissociation energy, but with a -ve sign.
•Lattice energy is affected by two things:
• Ionic size
• Ionic charge
•As ionic size increases, lattice energy decreases. Lattice energy therefore decreases down a group in the periodic
table.
e.g. K+ usually forms a weaker lattice than Na+.
•As ionic charge increases, lattice energy increases. Lattice energy therefore increases across a period in the
periodic table.
e.g. Mg2+ usually forms a stronger lattice than Na+.
Born-Haber Cycle
 Covalent Bonding
Bonding Pair and Lone Pair

•Atoms share electrons to achieve a full outer shell of electrons or octet structure. A pair of shared electrons is
called a bonding pair.
•A bonding pair is represented as a pair of dots or a line:

•An outer-shell electron pair that is not involved in bonding is called a lone pair.

lone pair

bonding pair
 Properties of a Covalent Bond

•The bond order is the number of electrons shared by a pair of atoms divided by 2.
e.g. A single bond consists of two shared electrons and has a bond order of 1.
•The bond energy is the energy needed to break (+ve value) or form (-ve value) a bond.
•The stronger the bond, the higher the bond energy.
•The bond length is the distance between the nuclei of the bonded atoms.
•The stronger the bond, the shorter the bond length.
The Relationship between Bond Order, Bond Length, and Bond Energy
 Calculating ΔHrxn values using Bond Energies
Bond Energies and ΔHrxn

•The heat released or absorbed during a chemical reaction is due to differences between the bond energies of
reactants and products.
DHºrxn = SDHºreactant bonds broken + SDHºproduct bonds formed

•Bond breakage is an endothermic process, so bond energy is always positive

•Bond formation is an exothermic process, so the sign of its enthalpy change is always negative:
Average Bond Energies (kJ/mol) and Bond Lengths (pm)
 Electronegativity and Bond Polarity

•The ability of an atom in a covalent bond to attract the shared electron pair is called its electronegativity.
•Unequal sharing of electrons causes the more electronegative atom of the bond to be partially negative and the
less electronegative atom to be partially positive.

•A covalent bond in which the shared electron pair is not shared equally, but remains closer to one atom than the
other, is a polar bond.

•In general, electronegativity is inversely related to atomic size because the nucleus of a smaller atom is closer
to the shared pair than the nucleus of a larger atom, so it attracts the electrons more strongly.
 Trends in Electronegativity

1. Electronegativity increases across a period as atomic size decreases

2. Electronegativity decreases down a group as atomic size increases
3. Nonmetals tend to be more electronegative than metals.
 The Pauling Electronegativity (EN) scale
The higher the number, the more the electronegativity
Types of Bonds formed based on Electronegativity Differences

Metal + Non-metal → Ionic Bond

Two atoms of different

electronegativities → Polar Covalent

Two atoms of the same

electronegativity → Regular Covalent