GENERATION

OF
COMPUTER
PRESENTED BY:
LAZAN, PETER PAUL A.
BAQUIRAN, ALAIZA S.
TRUZ, JOHN DAVE N.
HERRERA, JEROME T. Jr.
GENERATION:
• Generation refer to the state of improvement in the
product development process. Similarly, we can say
generation of computer refers to the state of
improvement of computer technology.
COMPUTER:
• Programmable machine that can store, retrieve, and process data.
• Today's computers have at least one CPU that performs most calculations and includes a
main memory, a control unit, and an arithmetic logic unit. Increasingly, persona; computers
contain specialized graphic processors, with dedicated memory, for handling
the computations needed to display complex graphics, such as for three-dimensional
simulations and games. Auxiliary data storage is usually provided by an internal hard
disk and may be supplemented by other media such as floppy disks or CD-ROMs.
Peripheral equipment includes input devices (e.g., keyboard, mouse) and output devices (e.g.,
monitor, printer), as well as the circuitry and cabling that connect all the components. 
GENERATIONOF COMPUTER:
i. The First Generation:     1946-1958     (The Vacuum Tubes Years)
ii. The Second Generation of Computer:      1959-1964     (The Era Of The
Transistor)
iii. The Third Generation of Computer:       1965-1970    (Integrated Circuits-
Miniaturizing the Computer)
iv. The Fourth Generation of Computer:        1971-Today   (The Microprocessor)
The First Generation:     1946-1958     (The Vacuum
Tubes Years)
 The First Generation Computer period starts from 1946 with ENIAC (Electronic
Numerical Integrator And Computer) and UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
developed by Presper Eckert and John Mauchly.
 Language used in First Generation Computer was the Machine Language.
 They were very large and produced a large amount of heat and they had to be
cooled down by air conditioners. However even with these huge coolers, vacuum tubes still
overheated regularly. It was time for something new.
 First-generation digital computers, developed mostly in the U.S. after World War II, used
vacuum tubes and were enormous.
VACUUM TUBE:
• Electron tube consisting of a sealed of a sealed glass or metal
enclosure from which the air has been withdrawn.
• It was used in early electronic circuitry to control a flow of electrons.
In the first half of the 20th century, vacuum tubes allowed the
development of radio broadcasting, long-distance telephone service,
television, and the first electronic digital computers, which were the
largest vacuum-tube systems ever built. Transistors have replaced
them in virtually all applications, but they are still occasionally used
in display devices for television sets and computers (cathode-ray
tubes), in microwave ovens, and as high-frequency transmitters on
space satellites.
The First Generation:     1946-1958   
 (The Vacuum Tubes Years)

Features of The First Generation:

i. It is very slow.
ii. It is very expensive.
iii. It is very huge(as big as the size of the room).
Limitation of The First Generation:
i. Produced lot of heat.
ii. Not Reliable.
iii. Programming capacity was very slow.
iv. Used machine language only.
The Second Generation of Computer:      1959-1964   
 (The Era Of The Transistor)
 The second generation, introduced c. 1960, used transistors and were the first successful
commercial computers.
 The language used in the second generation computer was assembly language.
 The second generation computers also produced a large amount of heat and they too had to
be cooled down by air conditioners.
 They were smaller, faster and more efficient that the first generation computers.
 The operation speed was comparatively high.
 Examples of second generation computer were IBM140, MARK III, LEO, etc.
TRANSISTOR:
• A transistor is a miniature semiconductor that regulates or
controls current or voltage flow in addition amplifying and
generating these electrical signals and acting as a switch/gate for
them. Typically, transistors consist of three layers, or terminals,
of a semiconductor material, each of which can carry a current.
• When working as an amplifier, a transistor transforms a small
input current into a bigger output current. As a switch, it can be
in one of two distinct states -- on or off -- to control the flow of
electronic signals through an electrical circuit or electronic
device.
• In this generation, transistors were used that were cheaper,
consumed less power, more compact in size, more reliable and
faster than the first generation machines made of vacuum
tubes. In this generation, magnetic cores were used as the
primary memory and magnetic tape and magnetic disks as
secondary storage devices.
The Second Generation of Computer:     
1959-1964     (The Era Of The Transistor)

Features of The Second Generation:

i. Electronic component used Transistor.
ii. The size became smaller than first generation computer.
iii. The operation speed became higher.
iv. The cost became low.
Limitation of The Second Generation:
i. It produced heat.
ii. Its speed was still low.
iii. Memory was less.
The Third Generation of Computer:       1965-1970   
(Integrated Circuits-Miniaturizing the Computer)
 Third-generation computers (late 1960s and 1970s) were characterized by
miniaturization of components and use of integrated circuits.
 Due to the use of ICs, the size of the computer became very small.
 Transistor were miniaturized and placed on silicon chip called semiconductor.
 High level languages like FORTRAN and COBOL were used.
 Example of third generation computer are ICL, CDC, IBM360, ICL 1900, etc.
INTEGRATED CIRCUIT:

• Integrated circuit (IC), also called microelectronic

circuit, microchip, or chip, an assembly
of electronic components, fabricated as a single unit, in
which miniaturized active devices
(e.g., transistors and diodes) and passive devices
(e.g., capacitors and resistors) and their interconnections are
built up on a thin substrate of semiconductor material
(typically silicon). The resulting circuit is thus a
small monolithic “chip,” which may be as small as a few
square centimeters or only a few square millimeters. The
individual circuit components are generally microscopic in
size.
The Third Generation of Computer:       1965-
1970    (Integrated Circuits-Miniaturizing
the Computer)

Features of The Third Generation:

i. The Electron component used integrated circuits.
ii. The size became much smaller.
iii. The operating speed became faster.
iv. The cost became cheaper than their predecessors.
The Fourth Generation of Computer:        1971-
Today   (The Microprocessor)
 The microprocessor chip, introduced in 1974, defines fourth-generation computers.
 The size of computer became too small as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a
single chip.
 The Fourth Generation of Computer could fit on a small desk or in the palm of the hand.
 The Fourth Generation of Computer became more powerful and they could be linked
together to form a network, which led the development of internet.
 Today's Fourth  Generation Computer are still getting smaller and more powerful. Example
of fourth generation computer are Intel  4004, Apple, IBM 370, etc.
The Fourth Generation of
Computer:        1971-Today 
 (The Microprocessor)

Features of The Fourth Generation of

Computer:
i. The Electron component used
Microprocessor.
ii. The size became much smaller than ever.
iii. The operating speed became faster.
iv. The cost became cheaper than
their predecessors.
MICROPROCESSOR:

• Miniature electronic device that contains the arithmetic, logic

and control circuitry needed to function as a digital computer's
CPU.
• Microprocessors are integrated circuits that can interpret and
execute program instructions as well as handle arithmetic
operations. Their development in the late 1970s enabled
computer engineers to develop microcomputers.
Microprocessors led to "intelligent" terminals, such as bank
ATMS and point-of-sale devices, and to automatic control of
much industrial instrumentation and hospital equipment,
programmable microwave ovens, and electronic games. Many
automobiles use microprocessor-controlled ignition and fuel
systems.
FOURTH-GENERATION LANGUAGE 4GL:
• Fourth-generation computer programming language. 4GLs are closer to human language
than other high-level languages and are accessible to people without formal training as
programmers
• They allow multiple common operations to be performed with a single programmer-entered
command. They are intended to be easier for users than machine languages (first-generation),
assembly languages (second-generation), and older high-level languages (third-generation).
PREPARE FOR A SHORT QUIZ:
PREPARE FOR A SHORT QUIZ:
1-4. Give the 4 generation of computers (year, electronic used).
5. What is computer?
6. What is generation?
7-10 Give at least 1 feature of each Generation of Computer