PHILOSOPH

Y
Module 1 – Part 2

Prepared By:
Mary Mildred P. De Jesus
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LEARNING OBJECTIVES
1. Distinguish a holistic 3. Do a philosophical
perspective from a
reflection on a
partial point of view.
concrete situation
2. Realize the value of
doing philosophy in
from a holistic
obtaining a broad perspective.
perspective on life.
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Doing
Philosophy
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HOW DO WE ENGAGE IN
PHILOSOPHY?
Reasoning
 is the ability to assess things rationally by
applying logic based on new or existing
information when making a decision or
solving a problem.
 allows you to weigh the benefits and
disadvantages of two or more courses of
action before choosing the one with the most
benefit or the one that suits your needs.
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Types of Reasoning
1. Deductive reasoning
 is a type of reasoning that uses
formal logic and observations to
prove a theory or hypothesis. In
deductive reasoning, you start with
an assumption and then make
observations or rational thoughts to
validate or refute the assumption.
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Types of Reasoning
1. Deductive reasoning
 Ex. if a car’s trunk is large and a bike does not
fit into it, you may assume the bike must also
be large. We know this because we were already
provided with the information we believe is
accurate—the trunk is large. Based on our
deductive reasoning skills, we know that if a
bike does not fit in an already large trunk, it
must also be large. So long as the two premises
are based on accurate information, the outcome
of this type of conclusion is often true.
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Types of Reasoning
2. Inductive reasoning
 uses theories and assumptions to
validate observations.
 Inductive reasoning is helpful for
extrapolation, predictions and part-
to-whole arguments.
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Types of Reasoning
2. Inductive reasoning
 For example, if you review the population
information of a city for the past 15
years, you may observe that the
population has increased at a consistent
rate. If you want to predict what the
population will be in five years, you can
use the evidence or information you have
to make an estimate.
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Types of Reasoning
3. Analogical reasoning
 is a form of thinking that finds
similarities between two or more things
and then uses those characteristics to
find other qualities common to them.
 Analogous thinking can help you expand
your understanding by looking for
similarities between different things.
 Ex. “Life is like a box of chocolates—you
never know what you're gonna get.”
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Types of Reasoning
4. Abductive reasoning
 is a type of reasoning that uses an
observation or set of observations to reach a
logical conclusion.
 It's similar to inductive reasoning, however,
abductive reasoning permits making best
guesses to arrive at the simplest
conclusions.
 Ex. “When I went outside this morning, the
grass was completely covered with dew. It
must have rained last night.”
 HOW DO WE ENGAGE IN
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PHILOSOPHY?
Reflection.
An activity that requires a
person to examine his/her
thoughts.
Philosophy is a reflective and
meditative activity.
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PHILOSOPHICAL REFLECTION

 The act of giving time to

think about the meaning and
purpose of life (Gabriel
Marcel, French Philosopher).
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Primary Reflection

 is defined as a break or pause from the

ordinary routine that a person does.
 Dissolves the unity of experience, event,
thing, etc. and analyzes the parts.
 The ability to think logically.
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SECONDARY REFLECTION
 Puts together what has been broken
apart, locates it in the bigger scheme of
things.
 For example I am used to hanging out
with a special someone almost every day
of the week. Then suddenly we broke up
and are not able to see each other again
in the coming days.
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Let’s have an
exercises!
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ACTIVITY 1. Tracking and Analyzing your Purpose
▫ Draw a timeline. This exercises aims to examine
the wackiest and worst times; In search of the
meaning behind your life. This can help you
identify more skillfully the kinds of activities,
conditions, locations, and people combinations
where your purpose is well served and where it
is abused. Consider your childhood, formal
education experiences and others. During these
times, you experienced very poor results and
very strong satisfaction. If you learn something
new about your purpose, make a note of it.
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HAPPIEST TIMES WORST TIMES

List the activities, people, locations, and List the activities, people, locations, and
conditions in your life you were most conditions in your life when you felt
happy. dissatisfied.

What did you learn about your What did you learn about your
purpose? purpose?
1. 1.

2. 2.

3. 3.

4. 4.

5. 5.
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REFERENCES:
 https://philosophy-question.com/library/lecture/read/146120-w
hat-is-partial-and-holistic-perspective-in-philosophy#0
 https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_epistemology.html
 https://study.com/learn/lesson/epistemology-examples-types.ht
ml
 https://onlinephilosophyclub.com/metaphysics.php
 https://www.philosophybasics.com/branch_ethics.html
 https://www.philosophybasics.com/
branch_aesthetics.html#:~:text=Aesthetics%20is%20the
%20branch%20of,meaning%20%22of%20sense%20perception
%22.