GS 108: INTRODUCTION TO INFORMATION LITERACY

LECTURE 3 Part 1:
Types and formats of information sources

LECTURER: Dr. Everlyn M. Anduvare

Bishop McCauley Memorial Library
Email: eanduvare@cuea.edu

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 Expected Learning outcomes

 By the end of this lesson, The students should be able to:

i. Identify and explain the various sources of information
ii. Explain the various types of libraries,
iii. Discuss the role of libraries in academic work
iv. Explain the role of various sources of information in a library
v. Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of electronic
information in academic work

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 Categorization of information sources in an
academic library
i. Primary Sources
A primary source is an original, first-hand or eye-witness
account offering an inside view.
This is original information which report on new research,
thus, original documents.
It contains new information that has not been interpreted,
evaluated, paraphrased or condensed.
The author provides direct impressions of events he or she is
reporting on.

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 Examples
a) Diaries e.g. the diary of President Ronald Reagan that
provides a first-hand account of the 40th President of the
USA.
b) Interviews
c) Scholarly Periodicals or Academic Journals and newspapers
in form of current issues and back issues.
These are magazines tackling academic issues and
which are published at set periods on academic issues;
monthly, bi-annually, bi-monthly etc.
They contain journal articles: Writings called scholarly
or peer-reviewed journal articles: Academic articles  

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 d) Reports from development agencies such as the
World Bank and United Nations.
e) Government publications (Sessional Papers,
Statistical Abstracts, Economic Surveys, laws of the
country) etc.
f) Research reports of different research agencies both
local and international,
g) Manuscripts, undergraduate projects, postgraduate
dissertations and theses, etc.
h) Development agency reports from development
agencies such as the World Bank and United Nations.
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 i) Company literature e.g. annual reports, etc.
j) Speeches
k) Letters
l) Photographs
m) Autobiographies

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 ii. Secondary Sources
Secondary sources provide ‘second-hand”
information that has been digested, analyzed, reworded
or interpreted.
These are repackaged sources used to summarize
information in primary sources and therefore, used for
finding primary sources.
They are often written well after the events they
report on, and can put past information into its
historical context.

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 Best example: Reference books
They contain facts that have been put together
from many sources such as:
i. Provide background information of a topic;
Definitions of terms in a particular field.
Introduction and the development of the
subject area.
Trace the growth of important ideas in a
given subject area.

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 ii. Authoritative information on major issues in
specific areas or topics.
iii. Description, location and evaluation of
literature in that field (bibliographies).
iv. Facts and statistics which indicate trends and
summaries of the events in a given subject.
The commonest types of reference works are:
Encyclopedias, Subject dictionaries, handbooks,
gazetteers, bibliographies, directories, indexes,
Almanacs, yearbooks.

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 3. Tertiary Sources
These are sources used to find secondary literature (and
sometimes primary) sources.
They attempt to summarize and consolidate the source
materials into an overview.
Examples are indexes, abstracts.
a) Indexes (Indexing Journals)
These are kinds of journals usually published monthly and
bound in annual volumes with both subject and author
index.
They serve to locate articles published within a number of
journals.
Examples of indexes are: Social Sciences Index
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 b) Abstracts (Abstracting journals)
These are indexes, which apart from listing
articles found in periodicals briefly describe each
article.
It therefore saves the reader from going all the
way to look for the journal since this description
(abstract) will help to determine the relevance of
the article, hence researcher will decide in
advance whether to read it or not.

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 4. Grey Literature: These are information sources
which are not publicly/ easily available. This is
information that is not available through normal
bookselling channels.
These documents are generally very difficult to get
hold of and you may need to approach the original
authors for copies. Examples include:
Pamphlets
Reports of organizations e.g. company annual
reports
Manuscripts
Patents
Brochures
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 5. Electronic literature/resources
Computer storage media (e.g. CD-ROMs, and
DVDs) and equipment to use them.
Internet-based information sources such as e-
journals, and e-databases, internet-based.

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 Advantages of E-resources:

i. Electronic resources make information available 24 hours a

day/7days a week.

ii. Electronic resources save time in looking up information and

retrieving information.

iii. Doing research online allows you to tackle more information as

e-resources are comprehensive

iv. All of the information is available in one place.

v. They give students access to information they wouldn’t
otherwise have, or that they might not have been able to find on

vi. Electronic resources present the user with vast amounts of

information.
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 Disadvantages of e-resources
i. It is easy to get distracted by the existence of too
much information.
ii. It is hard to determine when to quit searching for
information in order to start writing (undergraduate
students reported this as a major problem.
iii. The need to sort through the information to find
out which are legitimate sources.
iv. May lead to plagiarism.

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  Most e-resources are packaged in collections called e-databases
 Examples (Available in The CUEA Library webpage)
 www.cuea.edu – Library – E-resources

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 Types of library
i. School libraries
A school library (or a school library media center) is a library
within a school where students, staff, and often, parents of a school
have access to a variety of resources.
The goal of the school library is to ensure that all members of the
school community have equitable access to books and reading, to
information, and to information technology.

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 ii. Special libraries

A library which is part of a company, organization,

or other group aimed at meeting library needs of the
specialized group e.g.
Research libraries,
Law libraries,
Medical libraries,
Corporate libraries: in business entities
Government libraries

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 iii. Academic libraries
Libraries that serve colleges and universities, their students,
staff and faculty.
Larger institutions may have several libraries on their
campuses dedicated to serving particular schools such as law
and science libraries.
Many academic librarians become specialists in an area of
knowledge and can have faculty status. 

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 iv. Public libraries
Funded by the government
Libraries that serve communities of all sizes and types.
As the name implies, public libraries serve the general
public.
Often have departments that focus on areas of service or
separate collections for youth, teens and adults. 
They can even be termed as the “people’s university”.

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 …public libraries
Education, Information, Culture, Leisure
Public libraries should be centrally located within the
community they serve.
They should be spacious enough keeping in mind:
community population; growing library collection, size of
staff, services to be offered

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 v. National libraries
Their main function is to collect and preserve for posterity
the books, periodicals and newspapers published in the country
and about the country.
 They are formed through a law and these laws require
publishers to deposit copies of all publications they produce.
They also purchase books about the country published in
other countries

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 Academic work that requires a library
i. Independent reading/further reading by the student to further
understand the topics

ii. Reading assignments as a prerequisites to attending a

lesson/lecture

iii. Writing assignments: term papers, journal article review book

reviews, book report

iv. Research projects as an academic requirement for graduation

(Research project, Theses & dissertations)

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 Role of libraries in academic work
Introduction
Advancement in all branches of knowledge is based on analysis,
evaluation and synthesis of the already existing literature (or
knowledge) generated by others across space and time.
Libraries play a vital role in this process by providing access to a
broad spectrum of information resources and literature on all subjects.
It thus allows students, lecturers and researchers to interact with
ideas authorities, experts, and scholars in various disciplines
In the university setting, the library exists to assist students, faculty
members and researchers carry out their academic activities whether
it is learning, teaching or research.

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 Accordingly, you can receive the following services
from the library to fulfil your scholarly activities.
a) Access to information sources (books, journals,
etc.) to fulfill your research needs.
b) Assistance from the library staff to obtain
exhaustive information on the subject of your
research.
c) Tools for compiling bibliographies relevant for
your topic such as library catalog (OPAC) and
indexes.

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 d) Interlibrary loan service to enable you
access information sources in other libraries.
e) Reprographic service including word-
processing and photocopying.
f) Access to Internet-based information
sources such as e-journals, e-databases, etc.
g) Instruction on how to correctly reference
the sources you have used in your work.

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 h) Information literacy skills training on how to:
i. Define and refine a topic of research
ii. How to search and locate for information
related to topics in mind
iii. Identify legal information in various formats
and how to locate it
iv. Evaluate the quality of information and its
sources
v. Use information in an ethical manner.

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 The Role of Information professionals

Librarians are information specialists trained to ensure

proper development of libraries and their useful
utilization by its target group.
 They organize the collection such that information
can conveniently be found by faculty members,
students and researchers.
 They facilitate the use information sources through:
i. Information literacy training
ii. Research and reference services
iii. Borrowing/lending services
iv. ICT-related services
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 The Circulation and Customer Care Services
Librarian will assist you to find a an appropriate
place to study in and borrow materials in the
library.
The Research/Reference Librarian will assist
you to learn how to use the library.
The Systems Librarian will assist you resolve
ICT related issues that you may have.

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 LECTURE 3 Part 2:
Finding relevant printed books in
the library

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 Expected Learning outcomes

By the end of this lesson, The students should be able

to:
i. Explain the arrangement of books in the library,
ii. Discuss the role of library catalogue (OPAC) in
retrieval of books in the library
iii. Outline the procedure of finding and searching for
books in the OPAC

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 ARRANGEMENT OF BOOKS IN THE LIBRARY

 Information materials are organized and retrieved from the library

using Library Classification Schemes.
 The purpose of library classification schemes is, therefore, to
provide a structure of organizing the mass of information into an
orderly system by bringing materials on the same subject together
so that they can easily be located and retrieved.
 There are two most widely systems of classification:
a. Dewey Decimal Classification (D.D.C)
b. Library of Congress Classification (L.C)

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  Each item in the library is assigned a shelf number (also known as
the call number) based on the library classification system in use.
 Books are arranged on the shelves using these numbers and in the
process materials on the same subject end up in the same place on
the shelves.
 In turn it is this number which is used by those doing research to
locate books and other materials in the library.

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 Library of Congress Classification Scheme (L.C.)

 This scheme was originally designed for the Library of Congress

in Washington D.C. in the USA.
 However, its use spread to other libraries in USA and other regions
of the world.
 In the L.C. knowledge is divided into 21 main classes and a letter
of the alphabet designates each class.

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 LETTER ALLOCATION TO MAIN AREAS OF KNOWLEDGE

 A - General works
 B - Philosophy and religion
 C - History and auxiliary Sciences
 D- World History (excluding America)
 E-F - American history
 G- Geography and anthropology
 H- Social sciences
 J- Political science
 K- Law
 L- Education M- Music

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  N- Fine arts
 P- Languages and literature
 Q- Science
 R- Medicine
 S- Agriculture
 T- Technology
 U- Military science
 V- Naval science
 Z- Bibliography and Library science
 Each of the main classes has major sub-divisions that use, two or three
letters. For example, the social sciences have the following sub-
divisions:

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 Social Sciences (Class H)
 HA – Statistics

 HB – Economic theory

 HC – Economics (history and conditions)

 HD – Land, agriculture and industry

 HE – Transportation and communication

 HF – Commerce

 HG – Finance

 HJ – Banking

 HM – Sociology

 HN – Social Problems

 HQ – Family, marriage and women

 HX – Socialism

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  Each of these sub-divisions is further divided into more specific
subjects.
 However, further subdivision is done by adding numerals to these
letters to signify major classes.
 For example, subdivision HD (Land, Agriculture and Industry) is
assigned HD 1 to HD 9999.
 This further sub-division is to help narrow the subject further and
make it more specific:

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 Land, Agriculture and Industry (HD1-H9999)
 HD1 – 91-100: Production and industrial management
 HD 101 – 1395: Land including public land, real estate and land tenure
 HD 1401 – 2210: Agricultural economics including agricultural labour
 HD 2321 – 2700: Industry (general)
 HD 2709 – 1930: Corporations – Trusts – Cartels
 HD 2951 – 3570: Industrial co-operation
 HD 3611 – 4730: State and industrial organization
 HD 4801 – 8942: Labour including wages, strikes, unemployment,
labour unions etc
 HD 9000 – 9999: Special industries and trades

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 Law
 K: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence
 KB: Religious law in general. Comparative religious law. Jurisprudence
 KBM: Jewish law
 KBP: Islamic law
 KBR: History of canon law
 KBU: Law of the Roman Catholic Church. The Holy See
 KD-KDK: United Kingdom and Ireland
 KDZ: America. North America
 KE: Canada

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  KF: United States
 KG: Latin America - Mexico and Central America, West
Indies. Caribbean area
 KH: South America
 KJ-KKZ: Europe
 KL-KWX: Asia and Eurasia, Africa, Pacific Area, and
Antarctica
 KZ: Law of Nations

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 Section of Class K: Law in General, Comparative and Uniform Law, Jurisprudence

 K1-7720: Law in general. Comparative and uniform law. Jurisprudence

 K1-36.5: Periodicals
 K37-44: Bibliography
 K46: Monographic series
 K48: Encyclopedias
 K50-54: Dictionaries. Words and phrases
 K58: Maxims. Quotations
 K(64):Yearbooks

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 K68-70: Directories
K85-89: Legal research
K94: Legal composition and draftsmanship
K100-103: Legal education
K109-110: Law societies. International bar associations
K115-130: The legal profession
K133: Legal aid. Legal assistance to the poor
K140-165: History of law

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 How to find books in the library

The Library Catalogue

A library catalogue is a cumulative listing of the books and other

materials in the library with descriptive information about each
of them: the author, title, edition, publisher, date of publication,
physical appearance, subject matter, as well, the call number.
The call number shows location of the book on the shelves.
A library catalogue is the tool you use to find out if a library has
materials on a certain subject, a certain author or by a certain
title.
 Think!!! Briefly explain how The library catalogue assists in searching and
finding books in a library.

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 a. Several ways in which you can search for
materials such as by author, title, subject, co-
author, translator, illustrator, or even by series
title.
b. A list, in alphabetical order, of all books and
other materials by a particular author on a
particular subject regardless of their location in
the library.
c. The location of every material by giving a
locational symbol and a call number for each of
them.

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 The library catalogue takes several forms. These
include:

Card catalogue
Computerized catalogue (Online Public Access
Catalogue - OPAC), or online catalogue)

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 Searching the online catalogue (OPAC)
 Since library management software differ from one library to
another it is advisable to familiarize yourself with the particular
system in your institution.
 There are always brochures provided by the library, which explain
the particular system in use.
 Library staff are always willing to assist you.
 However OPACs are easy to use because the computer screen
gives clear instruction on what you need to do to retrieve the
required information.
 The library catalogue is available online at
http://library.cuea.edu/vs/vubis.csp and from CUEA Library’s website:
www.cuea.edu/ Library/library catalog.

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 Important Information in the OPAC about books

 Call number / Shelfmark: A unique serial number for each book

that indicates the location of the book on the library book shelves.
 This number is also printed on the backside of the book (spine of
the book)

 Example of a Shelf mark /call number

K (Class number for subject covered by the book)
1005 (Subdivision for topic covered by the book)
O9 (Book number)
2009 (Year of publication)

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  Author: This is the person responsible of the work. The name is
written with surname first. If it is an editor, translator, it will be
indicated
 Title: This is the full title of the book
 Sub title: This gives more information on the main title
 Subject: This indicates the content of the book
 Imprint: This includes place of publication, publisher and year of
publication,
 Accession Number: This is the registration number of the book in
library records

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  Location: This is the campus in which the book is found
 Sub-location: The location of the book in the sections in the
library e.g. special collection
 Availability: Indicates whether it is available (not borrowed) or
unavailable (already borrowed). At times it might be for library use
only to indicate the item is available to use can only be used inside
the library
 Some materials may be kept on shelves not open to the public. In this
case one has to consult the library staff, for example, back issues of
newspapers, theses, old books, reserved collections etc. However,
most libraries place books on the open shelves where you can locate
them yourself.

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 Location symbols
Special symbols are sometimes added on the top of the call
number to indicate that the book is shelved in a particular
location or that the book is a reference book and that it is
located in the reference section, for example:
SPEC – Special collection
WB – World Bank Publications
AFR – African collection
REF – Reference materials
RES – Reserve section

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 Example of a call number for a book found in the reference
section
REF (Located in reference section)
K (Class number for subject covered by the
book)
1005 (Subdivision for topic covered by the book)
O9 (Book number)
2009 (Year of publication)
The library catalogue gives you two search options: Simple
Search & Advanced Search

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 Simple search
This approach enables you to search for a record using
various parameters such as Keyword, Author, Publisher,
Publisher Location, Subject, Title Series, Title, ISBN, and
Call Number/Shelfmark in the following ways:
Search term or more from the title if you are not sure of
the complete title.
Combine a word from the title and a name of the author
Search one name of the author or more in any order.
You can limit your search by the Location, Material
Type or Sub location

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• Once you have typed your request or search parameters, click on Search button or press on
the Return /Enter Key and the list of available records will appear.

 Once you have typed your request or search parameters, click on Search
button or press on the Return /Enter Key and the list of available records will
appear.
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  Use scroll down keys or navigation keys (page >, page <) on the toolbar to
move from one record to another.

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 ADVANCED SEARCH

This method enables you to do a search for records

by combining multiple search terms and adds a few
more limits using the Boolean Operators (AND, OR,
NOT, NEAR)
Any combination of several terms can be used in
Advance Search. 
Using multiple search terms will help narrow
down your search on a topic.   

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 FULL DESCRIPTION OF BOOKS
Click on the Title, Author or the image to find out the Full
Description of the book.  This page gives you a lot of
information about the title selected.  You can use this
information to find out if title selected will fill your needs or
create a bibliography. 
Once the records appear use scroll down keys or
navigation keys (page >, page <) on the toolbar to move
from one record to another.

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 RETRIEVING THE BOOK FROM THE
SHELVES
1. Copy from the library catalogue the Call number/Shelfmark of
the books you want to read or borrow and also note its location in
the library.
What is a Call/Shelfmark
Call number: Indicates the location of the book in the library and its place on
the shelf as well as the subject matter of the material.
It is also labeled on the “spine” of printed sources such as books and reports.
Example:
 An example of a call number using Library of Congress
Classification (L.C)
 Z
695
W94
2007

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 2. With the information you have copied from
the catalogue you can now use the
Shelfmark /Call number to trace the book on
the shelves.
Each book has its Shelfmark /call
number labeled on its spine. Books are
arranged on the library book shelves by
the Shelfmark /call number alphabetically
(A to –Z)

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 3. Go to the appropriate place on the shelves using the
Shelfmark/call number you have copied from the catalogue
and if the book has not been borrowed or if it is not been used
on the tables, it will be easy to find it.
Using the Shelfmark /call number, go to the correct
place on the shelves and you will find the book.
Materials in the library are shelved together by
topics/subject they cover and therefore in case the book
you are searching is missing from its location by
looking around the same shelf you will discover others
that are also relevant to your research topic
Sections in which the material is kept e.g. General
Section, Reserve, Africana is indicated on the library
catalogue

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  Most libraries allow people to search for the book on the shelves.
Open and Closed Access
 In some libraries however, the entire collection or some sections of
the library are ‘closed access’ and you are expected to make a
formal request for the material you find in the catalogue at the
counter and a library staff will search it for you on the shelves.
 Such sections include those where theses, reserve, Africana and
short loan materials are kept.

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 ACCESSING AND OPERATING USER ACCOUNTS

• The User Activities page on the V-Smart Web OPAC allows you to view your
personal information, change your pin code, view your saved lists, verify and renew
the items you have borrowed, view your reserves list and view any money owing.
• To access your account, click on the button on the left-hand side of the screen.
User activities Or Log on


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  Enter your Library Barcode/Number/Membership number (student
registration number or staff payroll number on your CUEA ID
card).
 Enter your Password (PIN number).
 If you do not a password code you can request one from the
Circulation Desk.
 You will be assigned a computer-generated password. You have to
change this password to one that is easier for you to remember.
Your password must be 4-digit number.
 While you are within your account you can check your reading
history or reserve library books or renew the ones you borrowed
materials earlier before they are overdue

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 PERFORMING TRANSACTIONS USING SELF-CHECK STATIONS

 To perform transactions at the self-check stations you have to login as

follows using you’re your Barcode/Membership Number as indicated
in the following screenshots

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 Membership number: Refers to the student registration number or the staff
payroll number
 Pin number/pin code: Refers to the pin-code you were issued by the
Library department for use of the Integrated Library System.
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 SUMMARY OF ACCOUNT INFORMATION

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  Borrowing Books
 To borrow the books you want to carry for use outside the library you
do as indicated in the following screenshots.

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  Returning Items
 You can return borrowed items at the Main Circulation desk of at the
Self-check stations.
 To return the books you had borrowed earlier do it as indicated in the
following screenshots.

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  Reserving Items
 To reserve a book do it as indicated in the following screenshots. You
can reserve materials in the library for a period of three days.

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  Renewing borrowed books
 To renew the books you had borrowed earlier but you still need to use
the do as indicated in the following screenshots.

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