CHAPTER 2

Energy transfer and Specific Work Of

Fluid Machines

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 Contents:
2.1 Energy transfer
2.2 Determination of specific work of fluid
machines
2.3 Determination of the pressure specific work
2.3 Determination of the adiabatic specific work
using thermodynamic diagrams
2.4 Capacity, power and performance
characteristics

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 Objective:
how to calculate the mechanical energy and power
transferred from a fluid machine to a flow medium
from measurable quantities.

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 2.1. Energy Transfer  Total loss= losses outside + inside


Energy loss Energy loss outside
in the drive the fluid machine Total energy
(bearings, couplings) loss of the
fluid machine
Energy loss inside the fluid
machine (increases in non
Total Energy utilizable-energy content of
from the the flow medium)
Energy delivered
source
to the fluid
machine Useful energy rise of the
flow medium (Increase in
mechanical energy)  Prime Mover/Drive

Figure 2.1 Energy transfer from a fluid machine to a flow medium

The energy from these sources is

The source of energy may be:- converted to mechanical energy using
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electricity, compressed air, steam, or motors, gas or steam turbines or diesel
fuel. engines
 2.2. Determination Of Specific Work
Of Fluid Machines

 Specific work done, Y.

The unit of the specific work is J/kg or m2/s2.
  W
Y
 Head, H. m
The unit of head is meter [m].

Y
H
g

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  Total pressure, Pt.

Pt  Y

 Total pressure, specific work and the total head

of a fluid machine are related by the equations:-

Pt  Y  gH

 Note that all the three terms represent the useful energy transferred from the
fluid machine to the flow medium in different ways.
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 The Bernoulli Equation
dp c 2D  c 2S
dP c 
2
Y  
D
 ge
dY   d    g dz  S
2
 2

Y= Specific work of fluid machine

Pressure Energy
P= Static pressure of the flow medium
c= mean velocity of the flow medium
Velocity Energy
z= height from datum level
 = Density of the flow medium Geodetic Energy
g= Gravitational acceleration

Discharge end

Suction end
Discharge end
e
e
Suction
end
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 2.3 .Determination of The Pressure Specific Work, Y pr

Case1: Pumps and Fans

 Pumps handle liquids incompressible
 Hence density variation considered negligible.
 The pressure difference between the two ends of fans is very
small (<15%) .
 Hence variation in density can be neglected and an average
density can be used without much loss in accuracy.

 PD  PS
Y Pr


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 Example 1
A pump is used to move a chemical that has a density
of 1200kg/m3 from one tank to another. The mean
velocities of the flow medium at the suction and
discharge end of the pump are measured to be 1.5 m/s
and 2.7m/s respectively. The discharge end of the
pump is 20 cm above the suction end. If the static
pressure difference between the two ends is 1.8 bar
determine the specific work and head of the pump.

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 Example 2
A centrifugal fan is used to exhaust air from a
workshop. The ambient temperature of the workshop
is 210C. The static pressures at the suction and
discharge end of the fan are measured to be 1.01 bar
and 1.12 bar respectively. The discharge end is 0.6m
above the suction end. Determine the total pressure of
the fan if the difference in velocity between the suction
and discharge ends is negligible.

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 Case 2: Blowers and Compressors
 The density of the flow medium changes significantly
between the suction and discharge ends therefore we cannot
use the equation derived for pumps and fans.

D
Y Pr  S vdP
1
v
 is the specific volume of the flow medium [v]=m3/kg

The equation relating v and P is obtained from thermodynamics.

P vn  Constant (polytrophic equation)

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 P D

dP n=1 [Isothermal Compression]

P n = k=Cp/Cv [Adiabatic Compression]

n>k

P S

v
Figure 2.3 Polytrophic curves of compressible flow medium

In isothermal compression the temperature of the flow medium is kept constant.

In Adiabatic compression there is no heat transfer between the flow medium
and the surrounding

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 2.3.1. YPr for Isothermal Compression /Yiso

 For isothermal compression (n=1). Hence,

PD, vD Pv  constant  P S  S
dP n=1 [Isothermal]

v  Ps vs
P
Yiso
P
PS , v s
P
D s s v D dP
v Y iso  
S
dP  Ps vs S
Figure 2.4 Isothermal compression specific work
P P

 PD 
Y iso  P s vs ln 
 PS 
R T S  PD 
Y iso  ln  
M  PS 
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 2.3.2 Ypr for Adiabatic Isentropic Compression (Yad)

 For adiabatic, isentropic compression : n=k=cp/cv.

P v K  Constant  P s v SK
1
 P s v SK  k 1/ k
PS vS
v    
 P  P
1/ k
R C
C P  CV  R  , and P  k
M CV
1/ k
D P S v s dP  1 / k D 1 / k dp
Y ad  S 1/ k P S v s S P
P CP R  k  R
CP    CP  
k M  k  1 M
 1  11/k
Yad  PS vs 
1/k
 PD  P1S1/k
1  1/k 
 K 1


 D P  K


 k   P D  K
K 1
 Yad  C P T s    1
Yad  P S vs     1  PS 
 k  1  P S   
 

 K 1

RTs  k   P D  K
Yad       1
14 M  k  1  P S  
 
 Table 2.1 Values of the specific heat ratio k

Gas k
Mono-atomic gases [Helium, Argon,…] 1.66

Diatomic gases [N2, O2, H2, air] 1.44

Methane 1.32

SO2 1.29

Ethane 1.20

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 Example 3
A compressor is used to compress N 2 gas. The suction
temperature and pressure are 120C and 1.02 bar
respectively. The discharge pressure is measured to be
4.3 bar. Determine the useful specific energy
transferred from the compressor to the flow medium
(a) assuming adiabatic compression (b) isothermal
compression. The velocity and geodetic specific
energies are negligible as compared to the compression
energy.

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 2.3.3.Adiabatic Discharge Temperature

 In designing compression processes it frequently becomes

important to estimate the discharge temperature of the flow
medium.
P v K  Constant

1/ k
K K vD   PS 
PD vD  Ps vS   
vS  P D 
Ps vs  PD vD  vD  PS T D
Ts TD vS P D T S
k 1
 
 TD  T S  P D 
k
T ad
 PS 
Actual adiabatic processes will have greater discharge temperature due to the
17 heat added because of losses inside the machine.
 Example 4
Determine the minimum compression ratio for which
the discharge temperature will be at least 2000C in
adiabatic compression of air if the temperature at
suction is 150C. Use k=1.44.

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 2.4. Determination of The Adiabatic Specific Work
Using Thermodynamic Diagrams

 The adiabatic isentropic specific work and the adiabatic

discharge temperature can also be determined using the
thermodynamic diagrams :-
 temperature-entropy diagram (T-S) and
 enthalpy –entropy (h-S) diagram.

 For adiabatic compression, the total specific work can be

written as:-

 c2D  c2s 
Y  Yad     ge
 2 
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  From thermodynamics, the energy balance for steady state,
steady flow system is given by:-
 c 2D  c2s 
h     ge  Q  Ws
 2 
 Where h is enthalpy of the flow medium, Ws is the shaft work
(the useful energy Y, in this case).
For adiabatic compression Q=0,

 c 2D  c 2s 
h     ge  Y
 2 

Yad  h Yad  hD  h S
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 Yad and TD, ad using a T-S diagram

Constant Pressure Lines

PD Actual Compression
TD
Adiabatic Isentropic Compression
TD,ad
hD
h (Constant enthalpy )lines
T

TS hS

PS

Figure 2.5a Loss free adiabatic compression in T-S diagram

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 Yad using h-S diagram

Constant pressure
lines

PD
hD
Constant temperature
lines
h[kJ/kg]

hS Ts, Ps

S[kJ/kg-K]

Figure 2.5b Loss free adiabatic compression on h-S diagram

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 2.5 .Capacity, Power and Performance Characteristics
2.5.1 Characteristic sizes of a fluid machine

 The capacity, specific energy (head or total pressure) and

brake power are the most important characteristic sizes of a
fluid machine.
m  Q
 The mass flow rate :-

 The useful power :-

N  m Y

 When the specific energy is given in form of total pressure

N  QPt

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  It is good to note that the useful power in compressors and
blower is calculated in two different ways.
 For isothermal compression:-

Y  Yios  Yvel  Ygeo

 For adiabatic:-

Y  Yad  Yvel  Ygeo

 In most cases the velocity and geodetic energies are too small
as compared to the compression energy and the two are
neglected. Hence

Y  Yios Y  Yad

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 The brake power =the useful power + the total power loss
(internal and external power losses)
 the brake power =the total power input to the fluid
machine (output of the drive) + the useful power is the
output power of the fluid machine.
Hence the overall efficiency =the useful power (output) /
the brake power (input).

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 N

Nb
Where:- QY QgH
 
Nb Nb
= Overall efficiency
Nb= brake power
N=useful power
 Since the useful power in case of compressors can be
calculated as either isothermal or adiabatic the efficiency is
also defined likewise.

QYad QYiso
 ad   iso 
Nb Nb

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 Example 5
The test result of an air compressor is presented below.
Suction End
Absolute Pressure 1.0 bar
Suction Temperature 180C
Flow rate at suction condition 500m3/hr
Discharge End
Absolute Pressure 2.5 bar

The brake power (output power of the motor) is 20.4 kW.

Determine the adiabatic and isothermal efficiency of the
compressor. Neglect the velocity and geodetic energies.

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 Example 6:-
Determine the power saving in compressing 1 kg/s of
CO2 from 1atm and 150C to (a) 4atm (b) 20atm
according to isothermal rather than adiabatic
compression. What will be the adiabatic discharge
temperatures?

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 2.5.2 Performance Characteristics of Fluid Machines

 The capacity, head (or total pressure), brake power and

efficiency of a given fluid machine are interrelated.
 It is an important document for the proper operation,
maintenance and evaluation of the fluid machine.

Efficiency=f(Q) for pumps

30 0.8 15 H=f (Q), Nb=f(Q) and =f(Q)
H=f(Q)

0.6 for fans and compressors

20 Eff. 10 Pt=f(Q)
H [m] N [kW]
0.4
10 N=f(Q)
5
0.2

Figure 3.6 Performance characteristic curve of centrifugal pump.

29 The H-Q, Nb-Q and -Q curves are known as :-

head-capacity curve, power curve and efficiency curve respectively.
 2.5.3 The Operating Point

 The operating point can then be found by drawing the system

H-Q curve and the pump H-Q curve on the same scale as
shown in Figure 3.8. The efficiency and brake power can then
be determined from the -Q, and Nb-Q relations of the pump.
Pump characteristics

H[m]

Operating point
System characteristics

Q[m3/hr]

Figure 2.8 The operating point

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  The system characteristic in pumping is commonly given as
head capacity curve.
 For systems using fans, blowers and compressors it is given as
pressure-capacity curve.

H[m]
Pt[kPa]

Q[m3/hr]
Q[m /hr]
3

Figure 2.7 Typical system characteristics

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 Example 7
A centrifugal pump running at a speed of 1450 rpm is
used to move a chemical that has a density of 920
kg/m3. The head capacity curve and efficiency curve of
the pump and the characteristic curve of the system are
given in Figure 3.9. (a)Determine the volume flow
rate, head and coupling power at the working point?
(b)What will be the saving in pumping 1,000,000m3 if
the pump runs at the best efficiency point as compared
to the working point as indicated in Figure 3.9?
Assume motor = 0.97, cost of electricity 0.75 Birr/ kW-
hr

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 0.90

16 0.80

0.70

12 0.60

Efficiency
0.50
Head[m]

8 0.40

0.30

4 0.20

0.10

0 0.00
0 50 100 150 200
Q[m3/hr]

Figure 2.9 Pump and system characteristic curves

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