By the instruction of Professor Tomasz

Czajkowski;
This presentation is made by ;
Oliur Rahman,
Hassanjon Sharipov,
Mohamed Camara.

Course: Basics of International Economics

 World Trade
Orgaisation
The main institution ad Functions.
 What is the WTO?

The World Trade Organization is an

international organization that deals with
the rules governing international trade
between countries.
Headquarter: Geneva, Switzerland
Creation: 1st January 1995
Forum for negotiating trade
agreements?

These forums are inter

governmental. They are hold by
the represents from the
government of the member
countries.
 How many agreements are in WTO?
• They are about 60 agreements all in 550 pages. Those agreements are the
result of Ministerial meetings. Most from them are the result of the 1986–
94 Uruguay Round negotiations, signed at the Marrakesh ministerial
meeting in April 1994.
• Since then, the negotiations have produced additional legal texts such as
the agreement on information technologies, services and accession
protocols. New negotiations were launched at the Doha Ministerial
Conference in November 2001.
Which country owns WTO?
With 164 members since 29 July 2016.
Thus, the WTO belongs to its members. Countries
make their decisions through various councils and
committees, whose members are all WTO
members.

Members
Members, dually represented by the EU
Observers
Non-participant states
 Ministerial conferences -
WTO?

The Ministerial Conference is the supreme

decision-making body of the World Trade
Organization. There have been twelve
ministerial conferences from 1996 to 2022,
usually every two years.
The 12th WTO Ministerial
conference

The main Subject was the declaration on

the emergency response to food insecurity
a ministerial decision on food purchases
from the World Food Program (WFP)
Exemptions from export prohibitions or
restrictions.
 What about WTO’s general council?
• The General Council comprises representatives of all member countries
and acts as the representative of the Ministerial Conference in day-to-day
operations. Its job is to carry out the implementation and monitoring
function of the WTO. The General Council is further divided into several
councils and committees that focus on specific topics. Examples of such
bodies include the Commodities Council, the Services Councils, the
Textiles Committee under the Commodities Council, etc…
 WTO’s two main bodies(General council)

• Dispute Settlement Body: It is the responsibility of the Dispute

Settlement Body, which is a part of the General Council, to settle any
commercial disagreements that arise between member nations.
• Trade Policy Review Body: In addition to being a part of the General
Council, the Trade Policy Review Body is in charge of verifying that the
trade policies of member nations are in accordance with the objectives of
the World Trade Organization (WTO).
 WTO's Principles of the
trading system?

Five principles of particular

importance in understanding the
WTO.
 WTO's Principles of the trading system?
• Non-Discrimination: Its two primary components are the most favored
nation (MFN) rule and the national treatment policy.
• Reciprocity: It reflects a desire to restrict the scope of free-riding that may
come from the MFN rule, as well as a desire to gain greater access to
international markets.
• Binding and enforceable commitments: A legal instrument known as a
schedule (list) of concessions enumerates the tariff obligations made by
WTO members during international trade negotiations and upon
membership.
 WTO's Principles of the trading system?
• Transparency: Members of the WTO are required to disclose their trade
regulations, establish institutions for the examination of administrative
decisions affecting trade, respond to requests for information from other
members, and tell the WTO of any changes to their trade policies.
• Safety Values: Under some conditions, governments are able to prohibit
trade. The WTO agreements allow members to safeguard not only the
environment, but also human health, animal health, and plant health.
 Who does WTO benefit?

According to the analysis, countries with

strong exports and production are the main
beneficiaries of membership. This is true
for Germany and South Korea (about $31
billion in GDP growth) as industrial and
innovation sites, but also for Mexico
(about $58 billion in GDP growth) and
China.

Which future for WTO?
The global trading system is experiencing
turbulence and uncertainty.
The 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development
recognizes a rule-based and equitable multilateral
trading system as the foundation for achieving the
Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), the Doha
Development Round negotiations at the World
Trade Organization (WTO) are stalled. In
multilateral and regional trade agreements, new
environmental, investment, and digitalization-
related rules are negotiated. The credibility of
independent dispute resolution procedures for trade
and investment disputes is increasingly being
questioned. In addition, an increasing number of
nations employ protectionist policies. Against this
backdrop, the trade specialists at IDOS evaluate the
international trading system's efficacy, legitimacy,
and viability
 Criticisms
The World Commerce Organization (WTO) is dedicated to enhancing free trade between its member nations. However, its
function has proven disputed, causing polarized opinions.
These are some of the WTO's objections.
• Free Trade is more beneficial to industrialized nations than to emerging nations.
• Free Trade is more beneficial to industrialized nations than to emerging nations.
• Failure to lower agricultural tariffs. Free trade is not equally desired by all businesses.
• Diversification.
• Environment. Free trade has frequently disregarded environmental concerns.
• Free commerce disregards cultural and social considerations.
• The WTO is criticized for its lack of democracy.
• Slow advancement.
 In response to these criticisms
The failure of countries to agree on tariff reductions in agriculture is not WTO's fault, but rather the
countries'.
Free trade and export development have been significant contributors to rising living standards,
particularly in south-east Asia, which has benefited from the extraordinary expansion of world trade.
The expansion of international trade has helped to alleviate absolute poverty. In recent years, the
WTO has made greater attempts to examine the circumstances of developing nations.
Recent rounds have placed pressure on rich nations to speed the removal of limitations on imports
from LDCs. Over 160 members of the WTO constitute 98 percent of global trade. Over twenty nations
wish to join the WTO.
WTO has been praised for its role in preventing trade disputes.
 Guinea and the WTO
Guinea has been a member of WTO since 25 October 1995 and a member of GATT since
8 December 1994.
The fourth review of the trade policies and practices of Guinea takes place on 29 and 31
May 2018.
As a net importer of goods and services, Guinea has an external current account deficit
which rose from 17% of GDP in 2011 to 33% in 2016, with imports of goods and services
representing approximately double the value of exports. Mining and hydro-electric power
were the two main foreign direct investment targets during the review period both
declining considerably with the collapse of raw material prices and the Ebola epidemic.
 Bangladesh and the WTO
Bangladesh has been a WTO member since 1 January 1995 and a member of GATT
since 16 December 1972.

From the WTO Hong Kong summit, Bangladesh gained quota and duty free access for
97 per cent of its present and probable export goods.

Much of Bangladesh's economic growth continues to be driven by exports from the

$31.5 billion ready-made garment (RMG) industry and continued remittance inflows
from expatriate labor, which reached a record $24.8 billion in fiscal year (FY) 2020-21.
 Uzbekistan and the WTO
Currently, Uzbekistan along with Azerbaijan, Belarus and Turkmenistan are
the only FSU countries that are not members of the WTO.

WTO membership will enable Uzbek small business to benefit from

international markets. Uzbekistan has resumed its WTO accession process
in the past few years. WTO Members are supportive of the accession process
and keen to see progress and welcome Uzbekistan as a fully-fledged
member of the Organization.