Pathology of the Digestive

System
Mouth Oral cavity
Tongue Pharynx
Salivary
glands

Esophagus

Stomach
Liver

Pyloric
sphincter
Stomach

Gall-
bladder
Pancreas Small Small
intestine intestine
Large
intestine

Figure 21.4
Rectum
Anus
 Batu empedu
 Kolesistitis
 Hepatitis
 Pankreatitis
 Gastritis
 Human Digestion (oral cavity)
TEETH

Incisors

Canine

Premolars

Molars

“Wisdom”
tooth
Tongue

Salivary
glands

Opening of a
salivary gland duct
Mumps / Parotitis

 Viral disease that

causes swelling of
the salivary or
parotid glands.
 Caused by direct
contact with
infected saliva or
respiratory droplets
 There is no
treatment and the
disease lasts 12-24
days
Diseases of the Mouth
 Caused by Bacteria, Viruses, or Fungi
 Stomatitis – inflammation of oral tissue
 Viruses
 Herpes Simplex 1 or 2- ruptured ulcers in the
mouth or outer lip
 Fungi
 Thrush/commonly found in infants of nursing
mothers (Candida albicans)
Candidiasis /Monilliasis
Herpes Simplex
Diseases of the Mouth
 Bacteria
 Gonorrhea – painful ulcerations in the
mouth and throat
 Syphilis – causes chanceres or ulcers
 Both can be cured by antibiotics
 Cancer of the Mouth
 Among the 10 leading causes of death
 Caused by alcohol & tobacco
Glossitis
Macroglossia
Microglossia
Epulis bisa disebabkan neoplasma, iritasi, atau radang
Lues / syphilis
Human Digestion (oral cavity)
 Esophagus – moves food from
pharynx to stomach
 2 layers of muscle
 Circular muscle layer – constricts
esophagus
 Longitudinal muscle layer – shorten
esophagus
Both circular/longitudinal layers creates a
wavelike motion called peristalsis
Diseases of the Esophagus
 Dysphagia – difficulty in swallowing
 Esophageal Varices – varicose veins
in the esophagus that causes veins
to appear very dilated and knotty
 Hiatal Hernia
 Protrusion of a part of an organ
through a muscular wall.
 Protrusion of the stomach through the
diaphragm
Esophageal Varices
Diseases of the Esophagus
 Esophagitis- inflammation of the
esophagus
 Burning, chest pain
 Reflux – backflow of acid contents of
stomach
 Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease –
caused by incompetent cardiac
sphincter
Esophagitis
Stomach
 Holds up to 2 liters of food and
water
 Gastric Glands
 mucous cells secretes mucus and
protects lining of stomach
 cells in stomach replaced every 3 days
 chief cells secrete pepsinogen
Diseases of the Stomach
 Gastritis- inflammation of the
stomach
 Caused by irritants such as tobacco,
alcohol, aspirin or infection
 Peptic Ulcers
 Lesions of body surfaces
 Ulcers of the stomach are called gastric
ulcers
 May cause hemorrhage which may lead
to blood in stool (H. pylori)
Gall bladder
 Gall bladder
stores bile for
digestion of fats.
 Gall stones form
for many reasons.
 Gallstones in gall bladder
 There is no known way
to prevent gallstones. If
you have gallstone
symptoms, eating a low
fat diet and losing
weight may be helpful
in controlling
symptoms.
Ulcers
ULCERS
Stomach
 Gastroenteritis – is an inflammation of the
stomach and intestines
 Food contaminated with human or animal
feces may carry microorganisms that
cause gastroenteritis and food poisoning.
 Food poison is often caused by Salmonella
and E. coli
 Etiology of stomach cancer is unknown
but linked to diet low in fruits and high in
salt
Small Intestine
 Most chemical digestion occurs here
 Nutrients absorbed into blood
 Longest organ of the alimentary
canal
 Over 6 meters long; 2.5 cm wide
 Pancreas produces digestive
enzymes and alkaline solution rich
in bicarbonate; neutralizes acid
chyme
Small Intestine
 Liver produces bile; bile salts digest
fats
 Gall bladder stores bile until needed
in small intestine
 Duodenum receives chyme from
stomach and mixes with bile and
digestive enzymes
Diseases of Intestines
 Appendicitis – acute and painful
inflammation of the
appendix/located off of the cecum
 Diverticulitis – inflammation of little
pouches or sacs formed when the
mucosal lining pushes through the
underlying muscle layer of the
intestine/antibiotics
Appendix
DIVERTICULITIS
Diseases of the Intestine
 Crohn’s Disease – inflammatory disease
of the intestine that most frequently
affects young adults/ severe diarrhea and
cramping
 Chronic Ulcerative Colitis – inflammation
of the colon/ diarrhea with pus, blood and
mucus in the stool
Diseases of the Intestine
 Carcinoma of the Colon/Rectum –
leading cause of death from cancer
in US and is the easiest to detect
 Irritable Bowel Syndrome – spastic
colon which often causes diarrhea,
constipation, gas or abdominal
pain/No ulcerations or tumors
 Dysentery – acute inflammation of
the colon (D. Amoeba, D. Basiller)
Hernia
Volvulus
Large Intestine
 1.5 meters long & 5 cm wide
 At large and small intestine junction
is a cecum with an attached
appendix (prone to infection)
 Primary function – water absorption
 Causes ingested food to become
more solid (feces)
Large Intestine
 Feces composed of indigestable
plant fibers and bacteria
 E. coli produces valuable vitamins
(biotin, folic acid, B & K vitamins)
 Rectum – terminal portion of colon;
controlled by voluntary and
involuntary sphincter
 Constipation – occurs by lack of
exercise or not enough plant fiber
Disorders of the Digestive Tract
 Five Disorders Are:
 Vomiting
 Diarrhea
 Constipation
 Hemorrhoids
 Colon cancer
 Diets high in fat 3rd most common cancer
2nd leading cause of cancer-
 Breakdown products of related deaths
fat metabolism lead to
the formation of
carcinogens.
 Polyps
 Benign colon polyps
develop into cancerous
tissue.
 Ulcerative colitis
 Uncontrolled colitis is a
primary cause of cancer