Microprocessor System Design

Omid Fatemi 80x86 Microprocessor (omid@fatemi.net)

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Review

Digital System Design

Microprocessor based Hardware, software and firmware

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Outline

Microprocessors History Numbering systems & arithmetic operations Micro architecture Programs Intel Microprocessors, Moores law

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Microprocessors

They accept programs

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History

1940: vacuum tubes

ENIAC: 130000 watts, 150 square meter

1950: transistors
1959: first IC

1971: 4004 by Intel

4-bit, 2300 transistor

1970s: 8080/85, Z80, 6800, 6500

Appliances, computers

1980s: RISC

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Numbering and Coding Systems

Decimal and binary systems (base 2, 10) Converting Hexadecimal and converting Counting and addition 2s complement and subtraction ASCII code, Unicode, utf-8 Bit, Nibble, Byte, Word,

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Changes

Project definition deadline: 22 Esfand Assembly quiz: 24 Esfand List subscription:

Send a message to imailsrv@fatemi.net and in the body (subject is not important) subscribe micro your_first_name your_last_name E.g. Subscribe micro Omid Fatemi

Web site:
http://www.fatemi.net/micro

Assistants:
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Computer modules
Address Bus

CPU

Memory (RAM, ROM)

Peripherals (IO)

Keyboard Monitor Printer Mouse Microphone Disk

Data Bus Control Bus

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8086/8 Internal Organization

Address Bus Data Bus

Processor Model

Addr generation Bus Controller

BIU

AH BH CH

AL BL CL DL BP DI SI SP CS ES SS DS IP ADD 1 2 3 4 5 6 Instruction Queue

EU

DH

Internal Data Bus

ALU FLAGS

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How does a CPU work?

Combinational or sequential?
Hybrid sequential

Inputs to the state machine (sequential circuit)?

Clock Program

What it does with a program?

Reads from memory, where? Program counter, Instruction pointer (IP) Understands it (decode), then? Execute, then? Next instruction
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A Simple Program

Program:
Move value 21H into register AL Add value 42H to register AL Store AL in memory location 33D0H

Memory contents (instruction part)

1500 1501 1502 1503 1504 1505 1506 B0 21 04 42 35 D0 33

Execution?
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Intels Microprocessors and Moores law

Model Year Introduced Clock Rate Transistor s per chip 4004 8008 8080 8086 80286 386 processor 486 DX processor Pentium processor Pentium II processor Pentium III processor Pentium 4 processor
http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/ backgrnd/30thann_funfacts.htm

1971 1972 . 1974 . 1978 * 1982 * 1985 ** 1989 ** 1993 *** 1997 *** 1999 *** 2000 ***

0.1 MHz 0.2 MHz 2 MHz 5 MHz 6 MHz 16 MHz 26 MHz 60 MHz 233 MHz 450 MHz 1500 MHz

2,250 3,500 5,000 29,000 120,000 275,000 1,180,000 3,100,000 7,500,000 24,000,00 0 42,000,00 0
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From Intel Site

http://www.intel.com/pressroom/archive/backgrnd/30thann_funfacts.htm
It all started 30 years ago, November 1971 Today, there are 40 microprocessors in the average middle-class American household. The Intel began development 50 the first PC and all the surrounding paraphernalia are added.1 a set of number increases to of when a microprocessor in 1969 as part of a project to design chips for a family of programmable calculators from Japanese calculator manufacturer Busicom. These microprocessors are hidden in bathroom scales with digital readouts, irons with Originally, Busicom owned the rights to the microprocessor having toothbrush that possesses the automatic shutdown switches and even the common electronic paid Intel $60,000. Realizing potential for the lines of chip, Intel code.1 to return the $60,000 in exchange for the rights to the some 3,000 "brain" computer offered microprocessor design. have, on average, more than 50 microprocessors controlling things Today's automobiles Busicom as air bags, Intel introduced the 4004 todoorworldwide market control.2 such agreed and brakes, engines, windows, the locks and cruise on November 15, 1971. The 4004Developed during the 1970s, the microprocessor became most visible as the central a sold for $200 each. The key to the success of the microprocessor idea was to provide software programmable device. Prior to the invention of the programmable microprocessor, chips processor of the personal computer. Microprocessors also play supporting roles within werelarger computers as smart controllersfunctions. designed to perform specific "fixed" for graphics displays, storage devices, and highToday's state-of-the-art Pentium 4 Processor speed printers. However, the vast majority of microprocessors are used to control a broad The array of devices from consumer appliances and PC-enhancedprocessor for desktop personal latest direct descendant of the 4004 is the Intel Pentium 4 toys to satellites orbiting the computers. earth.3 Today's cutting edge Pentiummade possible the inexpensive2hand-held electronic calculator, the The microprocessor has 4 microprocessor operates at billion cycles per second. It took 28 years to go from a speed of 108,000 cycles per second performancecontrol 4004 brain chip digital wristwatch, and the electronic game. Microprocessors are used to in the consumer to1 billion cycles per second (1 gigahertz) with the Intel Pentium III processor - and only 18 electronic devices, such as the programmable microwave oven and videocassette recorder; months to break the 2 gigahertz barrierand antilock brakes in automobiles; and to monitor alarm to regulate gasoline consumption with the August announcement of the latest Pentium 4 microprocessor. systems.3 Pentium 4 processor-based personal computers (at price points ranging from under $1,000 to $2,000) are fueling the latest trends in home computing - from digital music and home digital movie making to photo-realistic 3D images and visual environments delivered on and off the net in advanced games, education and shopping experiences.
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8086 Signals

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Homework 1 Part 1

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Summary

History Numbering systems Microprocessor architecture Programs Micro history Eid Ghadeer Mubarak

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