Verb Tenses

If Language is a Flower then

without Grammar it will not smell.
Purushottam Muley
Present Simple (Prezentul nedefinit/simplu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
 Phonetic rules
 Pronunciation
 Time indicators
The Form of Present Simple
 The infinitive form of the Verb without to
 Verb + s, at the 3rd sigular person
 Do and Does for the interogative and negative forms
Phonetic rules
(Ortografierea persoanei a treia singular)
 Short infinitive + s IF ordinary verb
 Works
 Leaves
 Drives
 Short infinitive + es IF -o, -x, -ch, -sh, -ss
 Goes
 Fixes
 Polishes
 Short infinitive + s IF vowel +y
 Says
 Enjoys
 Obeys
 Short infinitive + ies IF consonant +y
 Huries
 Tries
 Carries
Pronunciation of -S ending
 [s] after sounds /k/, /p/, /t/;
 [z] after vowels;
 [z] after sounds /v/,/d/, /l/, /m/,/n/, /ŋ/, /b/, /ð/, /g/;
 [iz] after consonants: ss, sh, ch, dg, zz, tch
Conjugation
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I read I do not read Do I read?
You speak You do not spell Do you speak?
She knits She does not knit Does she knit?
He dreams He does not dream Does he dream?
It barks It does not bark Does it bark?
We sing We do not sing Do we sing?
You write You do not write Do you write?
They rake the leaves They do not rake Do they rake?

Do not = don’t
Does not = doesn’t
Usage of Present Simple
 Pentru a reda acțiuni obișnuite sau care se repetă:
 Ex. I usually wear a coat in autumn. – De obicei port un
palton toamna.
 Pentru a exprima acțiuni cu caracter de adevăr general,
referitoare la persoane sau fenomene științifice, definiții,
reguli etc.;
 Ex. His brother speaks two foreign languages. – Fratele
lui vorbește două limbi străine.
Usage of Present Simple
 Pentru a exprima fapte care rămân neschimbate o lungă
perioadă de timp;
 Ex. My elder brother lives in Buchurest. – Fratele meu
mai mare locuiește în București.
 Pentru acțiuni care au loc în momentul vorbirii dar verbul
nu poate fi folosit la prezentul continuu;
 EX. I do not understand what is the matter with you. – Nu
înțeleg ce se întâmplă cu tine.
Time indicators
 Always;
 Usually;
 Sometimes;
 Every day(week, month, year);
 on Sunday(Monday...);
 once(twice) a year;
 Generally;
 Seldom;
 Rarely;
 Often.
Present Continuous/Progressive (Prezentul
continuu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
 Phonetic rules
 Verbs that usually do not have Continuous
 Time indicators
The Form of Present Continuous
 Verb to be in Present Simple
 Participle I = Short infinitive of the verb +ing.
 Phonetic rules

Particularități de ortografiere Exemple

a. Verbele terminate la infinitiv în –e mut pierd Dance- dancing
acet –e și adauăgă –ing Write- writing
Bite- biting

a. Verbele terminate în –e sonor, mențin litera – Be – being

e și adaugă –ing Dye- dyeing
See- seeing

a. Verbele monosilabice, care din punct de Put- putting

vedere fonetic se termină într-o consoană Run- running
precedată de o vocală scurtă, dublează Win-winning
consoana finală înainte de adăugarea Begin- beginning
desinenței –ing. Beget- begetting
Forbid- forbidding
 Phonetic rules

Particularități de ortografiere Exemple

a. Verbele care se termină în –l deasemenea Enrol- enrolling
dublează această consoană. Travel- travelling
Empanel- empanelling

a. Verbele terminate la infinitive în –y Try- trying

păstrează –y înainte de adăugarea Play- playing
terminației –ing în toate situațiile. Convey- conveying
Study – studying
Say – saying
Enjoy- enjoying

a. Verbele terminate la infinitive în –ie Die- dying

transformă –ie în –y și adaugă terminația – Hie- hying
ing. Lie-lying
Tie-tying
Vie-vying
Usage of Present Continuous
 Pentru a reda acțiune în curs de desfășurare în monentul
vorbirii:
 Ex. I am looking for my bag now. – Eu îmi caut genta
acum.
 Pentru a reda o acțiune care e în curs de dezvoltare pe o
prerioadă limitată de timp:
 Ex. My mother is reading a book.- Mama mea citește o
carte.
Conjugation
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I am dancing I am not dancing Am I dancing?
You are swimming You are not swimming Are you swimming?
She is lying She is not lying Is she lying?
He is jogging He is not jogging Is he jogging?
It is mewing It is not mewing Is it mewing?
We are preparing We are not preparing Are we preparing?
You are listening You are not listening Are you listening?
They are laughing They are not laughing Are they laughing?

I am = I’m
Are not = aren’t
Is not = isn’t
Usage of Present Continuous
 Pentru a exprima o acțiune viitoare apropiiată și
planificată în prezent:
 Ex. Our sons are coming to see us this afternoon.- Fii
noștri vin să ne vadă în această dupăamiază.
 Pentru acțiuni care se desfășoară în momentul vorbirii dar
verbul nu poate fi folosit la Prezentul continuu se
utilizează Prezentul simplu:
 EX. I do not understand what is the matter with you? – Nu
înțeleg ce se întâmplă cu tine.
Time indicators:
 Right now;
 Now;
 At this moment;
 At the moment;
 Look!
 Listen!
 Be Quite!
 Specific time (at 10 o’clock);
Past Simple (Trecutul simplu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
 Phonetic rules
 Time indicators
The Form of Past Simple
 Regular verbs:
 The infinitive form of the Verb without to + ed;
 Did for interrogative and negative forms.
 Irregular verbs:
 The 2nd colomn;
 Did for interrogative and negative forms.
Conjugation(regular verbs)
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I worked I did not work Did I work?
You rejoiced You did not rejoice Did you rejoice?
She planned She did not plan Did she plan?
He played He did not play Did he play?
It received It did not receive Did it receive?
We believed We did not believe Did we believe?
You liked You did not like Did you like?
They hated They did not hate Did they hate?

Did not = didn’t

Conjugation(irregular verbs)
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I ate I did not eat Did I eat?
You bought You did not buy Did you buy?
She taught She did not teach Did she teach?
He gave He did not give Did she give?
It dug It did not dig Did it dig?
We did We did not do Did we do?
You chose You did not choose Did you choose?
They understood They did not understand Did they understand?

Did not = didn’t

Usage of Past Simple
 Pentru a reda o acțiune care s-a început și s-a încheiat într-
un moment în trecut.
 Ex. He left the village last month.- El a plecat din sat luna
trecută.
 Pentru a reda o succesiune de acțiuni trecute.
 Ex. He usually got up at 7, shaved himself, got dressed
and went to the office. – De regulă, el se scula la 7, se
bărbierea, se îmbrăca și mergea la birou.
Time indicators
 Yesterday;
 The day before yesterday;
 Last year(month, week, summer);
 In 1995;
 Two(three, ...) days(weeks, months, years) ago.
Past Continuous (Trecutul continuu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
The Form of Past Continuous
 Verb to be in Past Simple
 Participle I = Short infinitive of the verb +ing.
Conjugation
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I was dancing I was not dancing Was I dancing?
You were swimming You were not swimming Were you swimming?
She was lying She was not lying Was she lying?
He was jogging He was not jogging Was he jogging?
It was mewing It was not mewing Was it mewing?
We were preparing We were not preparing Were we preparing?
You were listening You were not listening Were you listening?
They were laughing They were not laughing Were the laughing?

Was not = wasn’t

Were not = weren’t
Usage of Past Continuous
 Pentru a reda o acțiune în plină desfășurare în trecut:
 Ex. At 7.30 yesterday morning Sarah was having a
shower. – Ieri dimineața la ora 7.30 Sara făcea duș.
 Pentru a reda o acțiuni trecută care este în desfășurare în
timp ce o altă acțiune trecută o întrerupe.
 When I entered the living room, my mother was knitting. –
Când am intrat în cameră mama tricota.
Usage of Past Continuous
 Împreună cu o altă acțiune trecută continuă, pentru a reda
simultanietatea desfășurării ambelor acțiuni:
 Ex. While I was practicing the violin, my father was
repairing our old car. –În timp ce eu exersam la vioară,
tatăl meu repara vechea noastră mașină.
Future Simple (Viitorul simplu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
 Time indicators
The Form of Future Simple
 Will/ Shall
 The infinitive form of the Verb without to
Conjugation
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I will take I will not take Will I take?
You will drink You will not drink Will you drink?
She will come She will not come Will she come?
He will cry He will not cry Will he cry?
It will wait It will not wait Will it wait?
We will draw We will not draw Will we draw?
You will drive You will not drive Will you drive?
They will run They will not run Will they run?

Will not = won’t

Usage of Future Simple
 În propoziții independente, pentru a reda o acțiune sau
stare viitoare.
 Ex. Miriam will come to see me next year.- Miriam va veni
să mă vadă anul viitor.
 Pentru a reda o acțiune viitoare probabilă, după verbele
sau locuțiunile precum: to think, to believe, to hope, to
wonder, to suppose, to be sure, to be afraid etc.
 I suppose he will come back soon. – Presupun că va
reveni în curând.
Time indicators
 Tomorrow;
 The day after tomorrow;
 Next day(week, month, year);
 In two(three...) days (weeks, months, years).
Usage of Present Simple as Future Simple
 Pentru a reda o acțiune viitoare planificată sau o serie de
acțiuni care fac parte dintr-un program(turistic în special),
orar sau mersul trenurilor.
 Ex. We leave Iași at 10 p.m. and reach Bucharest at dawn.
– Vom pleca din Iași la ora 10 și vom ajunge la București
în zori.
 Ex. The academic year starts in October. – Anul
universitar se va începe în octombrie.
Usage of Present Continuous as Future
Simple
 Pentru a reda o acțiune viitoare planificată sau un
aranjament cu caracter viitor, ce urmează să fie desfășurat
în viitorul apropiat.
 Ex. We are having supper with Judith tonight.(we have
arranged that) – Voi cina cu Judith deseară.
To be going to vs Future Simple
 The form: to be going to + short infinitive; - a avea de
gând să..., a fi pe punctul dea a..., va...;
 Redă o acțiune intenționată, sigură care va avea loc în
viitorul apropiat;
 Ex. I am going to tell you the truth. – Am de gând/ îți voi
spune adevărul.
 Ex. He is very old and weak. I think he is going to die
soon. – El este foarte bătrân și slăbit, cred că va muri
curând.
Future Continuous (Viitorul continuu)
 The form
 Conjugation
 Usage
The Form of Future Continuous
 Will be
 Participle I = Short infinitive of the verb +ing.
Conjugation
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I will be taking I will not be taking Will I be taking?
You will be drinking You will not be drinking Will you be drinking?
She will be coming She will not be coming Will she be coming?
He will be crying He will not be crying Will he be crying?
It will be waiting It will not be waiting Will it be waiting?
We will be drawing We will not be drawing Will we be drawing?
You will be driving You will not be driving Will you be driving?
They will be running They will not be running Will they be running?

Will not = won’t

Usage of Future Continuous
 Exprimă o acțiune sau o stare care se va afla în curs de
desfășurare, în progres, într-un anumit moment din viitor;
 Ex. What will you be doing at 7 o’ clock on Sunday
morning? – Ce vei face duminica dimineața la ora 7?
 Exprimă o acțiune care se va afla în desfășurare într-un
interval de timp în viitor;
 Tomorrow Terry will be studying for his exams all day
long. – Mâine Terry va învăța pentru examene toată ziua.
Perfect Tenses
 Present Perfect Simple
 Present Perfect Continuous
 Past Perfect Simple
 Past Perfect Continuous
 Future Perfect Simple
 Future Prefect Continuous
Present Perfect Simple/Indefinite
 The Form: to have + Participle II(Past Participle)
 Perfectul compus
Conjugation of Present Perfect
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I have spoken I have not spoken Have I spoken?
You have eaten You have not eaten Have you eaten?
She has worked She has not worked Has she worked?
He has danced He has not danced Has he danced?
It has barked It has not barked Has it barked?
We have bought We have not bought Have we bought?
You have caught You have not caught Have you caught?
They have taken They have not taken Have they taken?

Have not = haven’t

Has not = hasn’t
Usage of Present Perfect
 Pentru acțiuni recent consumate, fără a fi specificat timpul
când au avut loc și care au un rezultat în prezent. (accentul
se plasează pe acțiune în sine și nu pe timp)
 Emma has taken her pills and now she is much better. –
Emma și-a luat pastilele și acum se simte mult mai bine.
 I have broken my arm. – Mi-am rupt brațul.
Usage of Present Perfect
 Acțiuni recent încheiate, acțiuni ce s-au consumat cu puțin
înainte de momentul prezent.(just – tocmai, chiar; accentul
se plasează pe acțiune în sine și nu pe timp)
 The guests have just arrived. – Oaspeții tocmai au sosit.
 Mark has just come in. – Mark tocmai a intrat.
The Usage of Present Perfect
 Pentru acțiuni care au început în trecut și care iau sfârșit în
momentul vorbirii(în prezent)
 The weather has been cloudy lately, but now is shining
again. – A fost înnorat în ultima vreme, dar acum soarele
strălucește din nou.
Usage of Present Perfect
Pentru a exprima o acțiune care a început în trecut și care
continuă în momentul prezent, existând posibilitatea ca
aceasta să continue și în viitor utilizând prepozițiile For –
durata acțiunii și Since - momentul precis din trecut când a
început acțiunea în cazul când verbele nu au formă de
continuu sau propozițiile au sens negativ. (Excepție: live,
think, consider)
Exemples
 I haven’t cleaned the room for a fortnight. – Nu am făcut
curat în cameră de 2 sămptămâni. (negative sentence)
 Ann has been in hospital for two months. – Ana este în
spital de 2 luni. (to be nu are formă de continuu)
 The Browns have lived/been living in this house since
1995. – Familia Browns locuiește în această casă din
1995. (dacă încă mai locuiește acolo)
Time indicators
 Just, already, yet, lately
 Recently,up to now, till now, so far
 the last few hours/ days
 Today, this morning(până la 12.00), this afternoon(până la
18.00)
 This evening, this week, this month, this year
 Dacă ziua( seara, dimineața, dupăameaza, anul,
săptămâna) nu s-au încheiat
Present Perfect Continuous
 The Form: Have(has) been + Participle I
 Perfectul Prezent Continuu
Conjugation of Present Perfect Continuous
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I have been speaking I have not been speaking Have I been speaking?
You have been eating You have not been eating Have you been eating?
She has been working She has not been working Has she been working?
He has been dancing He has not been dancing Has he been dancing?
It has been barking It has not been barking Has it been barking?
We have been buying We have not been buying Have we been buying?
You have been catching You have not been catching Have you been catching?
They have been taking They have not been taking Have they been taking?

Have not = haven’t

Has not = hasn’t
Usage of Present Perfect Continuous
 Redă o acțiune de durată începută în trecut și care
continuă fără întrerupere, până în mometul prezent,
existând posibilitatea ca aceasta să se extindă și în viitor
 She has been waiting for an hour but her students have
not finished their paper, yet. – Ea așteaptă de o oră, dar
studenții ei nu și-au terminat încă lucrările.
Usage of Present Perfect Continuous
 Redă o acțiune continuă care a început în trecut și care
tocmai s-a terminat în prezent
 I have been shopping for the last two hours. – Am făcut
cumpărături în ultimile două ore.
 Redă o acțiune repetată frecvent care îl irită sau îl supără
pe vorbitor ori provoacă mirarea sau reproșul acestuia
 She has always been using my telephone this year. – Mi-a
folosit mereu telefonul anul acesta.
Past Perfect Indefinite
 The Form: Had + Participle II
 Mai-mult-ca-perfectul nedefinit
Conjugation of Past Perfect
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I had studied I had not studied Had I studied?
You had eaten You had not eaten Had you eaten?
She had worked She had not worked Had she worked?
He had danced He had not danced Had he danced?
It had barked It had not barked Had it barked?
We had bought We had not bought Had we bought?
You had caught You had not caught Had you caught?
They had taken They had not taken Had they taken?

Had not = hadn’t

Usage of Past Perfect
 Redă o acțiune trecută, începută și încheiată înaintea unui
moment trectu, moment marcat print-un adverb de timp
trecut sau o locuțiune adverbială
 Mike had not come back at the end of the last week. –
Mike nu se întorsese la sfârșitul săptămânii trecute.
Usage of Past Perfect
 Redă o acțiune trecută, începută și încheiată înaintea altei
acțiuni trecute, redată printr-un verb la trecut
 Ann thought that her friends had already eaten their
supper. – Ana credea că prienetii ei cinaseră deja.
Usage of Past Perfect
 Redă o acțiune care a început înainte de momentul vorbirii
din trecut și care continuă încă în acel moment,
specificându-se și perioada de când durează(for, since).
(Pentru verbe care nu au forma de contiunu)
 When I met him in 1982 he had been a sailor for ten years
and he was very pleased. – Când l-am întâlnit în 1982,
era marinar de 10 ani și era foarte mulțumit.
Usage of Past Perfect
 Redă o acțiune care a început înainte de momentul vorbirii
din trecut și care a continuat până în acel moment,
specificându-se și perioada de când durează(for, since).
 Your daughter had looked for her purse for 2 hours. –
Fica ta și-a căutat genta timp de 2 ore.
Past Perfect Continuous
 The Form: Had been + Participle I
 Mai-mult-ca-perfectul conntinuu
Conjugation of Past Perfect Continuous
Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form
I had been studying I had not been studying Had I been studying?
You had been eating You had not been eating Had you been eating?
She had been working She had not been working Had she been working?
He had been dancing He had not been dancing Had he been dancing?
It had been barking It had not been barking Had it been barking?
We had been buying We had not been buying Had we been buying?
You had been catching You had not been catching Had you been catching?
They had been taking They had not been taking Had they been taking?

Had not = hadn’t

Usage of Past Perfect Continuous
 Redă o acțiune care a început înaintea altei acțiuni trecute
și care s-a desfășurat încontinuu până cu puțin timp înainte
de acel moment sau care s-a terminat în acel moment
trecut
 We had just been leaving the house on that Tuesday when
the postman brought us the news about his car crash. –
Tocmai plecam de acasă în ziua aceea de marți, când
poștașul ne-a adus vestea despre accidentul său de
mașină.
Usage of Past Perfect Continuous
 O acțiune desfășurată neîntrerupt, care a început înaintea
unui moment trecut sau a unei alte acțiuni trecute și care
continuă încă în acel moment, cu posibilitatea de a
continua și după aceea
 When our skiers reached Russia, it had been snowing for
a week. – Când schiorii noștri au ajuns în Rusia, ningea
de o săptămână.
Future Perfect
 The Form: Will(shall) + Perfect Infinitive
 Viitorul perfect nedefinit
 Conjugation of Future Perfect

Affirmative Form Negative Form Interrogative Form

I will/shall have studied I will/shall not have studied Will/Shall I have studied?
You will have eaten You will not have eaten Will you have eaten?
She will have worked She will not have worked Will she have worked?
He will have danced He will not have danced Will he have danced?
It will have barked It will not have barked Will it have barked?
We will/shall have bought We will/shall not have bought Will/Shall we have bought?
You will have caught You will not have caught Will you have caught?
They will have taken They will not have taken Will they have taken?

Will not = won’t

Shall not = shan’t
Usage of Future Perfect
 Redă o acțiune viitoare care a început și s-a încheiat
înaintea unui alt moment în viitor
 In a few months Jack will have taken his Ph. D. Degree. –
În câteva luni Jack își va lua doctoratul.
 When I reach Bucharest I shall have driven more than 500
miles. – Când voi ajunge la București, voi fi parcurs cu
mașina mai mult de 500 de mile.
Future Perfect Continuous
 The Form: Will(shall) have been + Participle I
 Viitorul perfect continuu
 Conjugation of Future Perfect Continuous
Affirmative Form
I will/shall have been studying
You will have been working
She will have been eating
He will have been dancing
It will have been barking
We will/shall have been buying
You will have been catching
They will have been taking
Negative Form
I will/shall not have been studying
You will not have been working
She will not have been eating
He will not have been dancing
It will not have been barking
We will/shall not have been buying
You will not have been catching
They will not have been taking
Will not = won’t
Shall not = shan’t
Interrogative Form
Will/Shall I have been studying?
Will you have been eating?
Will she have been working?
Will he have been dancing?
Will it have been barking?
Will/Shall we have been buying?
Will you have been catching?
Will they have been taking?
Usage of Future Perfect Continuous
 Exprimă o acțiune viitoare care a început înaintea unui alt
moment viitor și care se extinde pe o perioadă de timp.
 By the ending of the academic year she will have been
teaching in this university for twenty years. – La sfârșitul
anului universitar, ea va fi predat la această universitate
de 20 de ani.
 When midnight is striking I shall have been studying for
ten hours. – Când va bate miezul nopții, se vor fi împlinit
zece ore de când învăț.
Exercise
 Ego4u.com
 Gramatica proctică a limbii engleze, Rada Proca
 Gramatica pentru elevi și studenți, I. Galiținschi
 Gramatica limbii engleze, Ioana Maria Tubai