Pictorial representation

Discrete Distributions

Charts
& Graphs

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-1
 Learning Objectives

• Recognize the difference between

grouped and ungrouped data
• Construct a frequency distribution
• Construct a histogram, a frequency
polygon, an ogive, a pie chart, a stem
and leaf plot, a Pareto chart, and a
scatter plot

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-2
 Ungrouped Versus Grouped
Data

• Ungrouped data
• have not been summarized in any way
• are also called raw data
• Grouped data
• have been organized into a frequency
distribution

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-3
 Example of Ungrouped Data

42 26 32 34 57
Ages of a Sample of
30 58 37 50 30
Managers from
53 40 30 47 49
Urban Child Care
50 40 32 31 40
Centers in the
52 28 23 35 25
United States
30 36 32 26 50

55 30 58 64 52

49 33 43 46 32

61 31 30 40 60

74 37 29 43 54

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-4
 Frequency Distribution of Child
Care Manager’s Ages

Class Interval Frequency

20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18
40-under 50 11
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-5
 Data Range

42 26 32 34 57 Range = Largest - Smallest

30 58 37 50 30

53 40 30 47 49
= 74 - 23
50 40 32 31 40 = 51
52 28 23 35 25

30 36 32 26 50

55 30 58 64 52 Smallest
49 33 43 46 32

61 31 30 40 60 Largest
74 37 29 43 54

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-6
Number of Classes and Class Width
• The number of classes should be between 5 and 15.
• Fewer than 5 classes cause excessive summarization.
• More than 15 classes leave too much detail.
• Class Width
• Divide the range by the number of classes for an
approximate class width
• Round up to a convenient number

51
Approximate Class Width = = 8.5
6
Class Width = 10
Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-7
 Class Midpoint

beginning class endpoint + ending class endpoint

Class Midpoint =
2
30 + 40
=
2
= 35

1
Class Midpoint = class beginning point + class width
2
1
= 30 + 10
2
= 35
Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-8
 Relative Frequency
Relative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 .12
30-under 40 18 6 .36

40-under 50 11 50.22
50-under 60 11 .22
18

60-under 70 3 .06 50
70-under 80 1 .02
Total 50 1.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-9
 Cumulative Frequency
Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 66
30-under 40 18 24
18 + 6
40-under 50 11 35
11 + 24
50-under 60 11 46
60-under 70 3 49
70-under 80 1 50
Total 50

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-10
 Class Midpoints, Relative Frequencies,
and Cumulative Frequencies

Relative Cumulative
Class Interval Frequency Midpoint Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 25 .12 6
30-under 40 18 35 .36 24
40-under 50 11 45 .22 35
50-under 60 11 55 .22 46
60-under 70 3 65 .06 49
70-under 80 1 75 .02 50
Total 50 1.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-11
 Cumulative Relative Frequencies

Cumulative
Relative Cumulative Relative
Class Interval Frequency Frequency Frequency Frequency
20-under 30 6 .12 6 .12
30-under 40 18 .36 24 .48
40-under 50 11 .22 35 .70
50-under 60 11 .22 46 .92
60-under 70 3 .06 49 .98
70-under 80 1 .02 50 1.00
Total 50 1.00

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-12
 Common Statistical Graphs

• Histogram -- vertical bar chart of frequencies

• Frequency Polygon -- line graph of frequencies
• Ogive -- line graph of cumulative frequencies
• Pie Chart -- proportional representation for
categories of a whole
• Stem and Leaf Plot
• Pareto Chart
• Scatter Plot

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-13
 Histogram

Class Interval

20
Frequency
20-under 30 6

Frequency
30-under 40 18

10
40-under 50 11
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
0

70-under 80 1 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-14
 Histogram Construction

Class Interval Frequency

20-under 30 6

20
30-under 40 18
40-under 50 11
Frequency
10
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years
Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-15
 Frequency Polygon

Class Interval Frequency

20
20-under 30 6
30-under 40 18

Frequency
40-under 50 11

10
50-under 60 11
60-under 70 3
70-under 80 1
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-16
 Ogive

Cumulative

60
Class Interval Frequency
20-under 30 6

40
Frequency
30-under 40 24
40-under 50 35

20
50-under 60 46
60-under 70 49
0

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
70-under 80 50 Years

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-17
 Relative Frequency Ogive
Cumulative
Relative

Cumulative Relative Frequency

1.00
Class Interval Frequency 0.90
0.80
20-under 30 .12 0.70
30-under 40 .48 0.60
0.50
40-under 50 .70 0.40
0.30
50-under 60 .92 0.20
0.10
60-under 70 .98 0.00
70-under 80 1.00 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80
Years

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-18
Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

COMPLAINT NUMBER PROPORTION DEGREES

Stations, etc. 28,000 .40 144.0

Train 14,700 .21 75.6

Performance
Equipment 10,500 .15 50.4

Personnel 9,800 .14 50.6

Schedules, 7,000 .10 36.0

etc.
Total 70,000 1.00 360.0
Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-19
Complaints by Amtrak Passengers

Schedules,
Personnel Etc.
14% 10%

Equipment
15%

Stations, Etc.
40%
Train
Performance
21%

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-20
 2d Quarter

Second Quarter Company

Truck
Production

Truck A 357,411

Production in B 354,936

the U.S. C 160,997

(Hypothetical D 34,099

values) E
Totals
12,747
920,190

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-21
 Second Quarter
U.S. Truck Production
17%
4%
1%

39%
39%

A B C D E

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-22
Pie Chart Calculations for Company A

2d Quarter
Truck
Production
Company Proportion Degrees

A 357,411 .388 140

B 357, 411 354,936 .386 139

=
C 920,190 160,997 .175 63

D 34,099 .388 .037

360 = 13

E 12,747 .014 5
Totals 920,190 1.000 360

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-23
 Safety Examination Scores
for Plant Trainees
Raw Data Stem Leaf

86 77 91 60 55 2 3

76 92 47 88 67 3 9
4 79
23 59 72 75 83
5 569
77 68 82 97 89
6 07788
81 75 74 39 67 7 0245567789
8 11233689
79 83 70 78 91
9 11247
68 49 56 94 81

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-24
Construction of Stem and Leaf Plot

Raw Data Stem Leaf

86 77 91 60 55 2 3
Stem 3 9
76 92 47 88 67
4 79
23 59 72 75 83
5 569
77 68 82 97 89
6 07788
Leaf
81 75 74 39 67 7 0245567789

79 83 70
Stem
78 91
8 11233689
9 11247
68 49 56 Leaf
94 81

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-25
 Pareto Chart
100 100%
90 90%
80 80%
70 70%
60 60%
Frequency

50 50%
40 40%
30 30%
20 20%
10 10%
0 0%
Poor Short in Defective Other
Wiring Coil Plug

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-26
 Scatter Plot

Registered Vehicles Gasoline Sales (1000's

200
(1000's) of Gallons)

Gasoline Sales
5 60
100
15 120

9 90
0
15 140 0 5 10 15 20
Registered Vehicles
7 60

Business Statistics, 4e, by Ken Black. © 2003 John Wiley & Sons.
2-27