04 Radio Receivers

Radio Receivers
• What is a Receiver?
Radio Receivers

Transmitted Signal
Hindi ko kayang Tanggapin

Understandable by
Human
Radio Receivers

Oscillator - a device for

generating oscillatory electric
Oscillator Tuned
Amplifier Circuit
currents or voltages by
non-mechanical means.

Amplifier - increases
the amplitude of electrical signals,
Filter Mixer - combines two or more
Demodulator
Mixer signals into one or two output
signals.
Radio Receivers

Filter - allow or prevent

selected signals in order to
Oscillator Tuned
Amplifier Circuit
eliminate noise or pass through
of unwanted signals

Demodulator - used to recover the

information content from the
modulated carrier wave.
Filter
Demodulator
Mixer Tuned Circuits - used to select or
tune in radio stations on a
particular frequency and
reject all the others.
Radio Receivers - Classifications
• AM Broadcast Receivers
• Broadcast Program
• AM broadcast transmitter
• Medium Frequencies
• FM Broadcast Receivers
• Broadcast Program
• FM broadcast transmitter
• VHF or UHF
Radio Receivers - Classifications
• Communication Receivers
• Telegraph / Short Wave Telephone Signals
• Television Receivers
• Broadcast Program
• TV broadcast transmitter
• VHF or UHF
• Radar Receivers
• RADAR (RAdio Detection And Ranging)
• Used to detect aircraft, ships, guided missiles …
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
A communication receiver must be able to identify and
select a desired signal from thousands of others
present in the frequency spectrum (selectivity) and
to provide sufficient amplification to
recover the modulating signal (sensitivity)
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• SELECTIVITY
• Ability to accept a given band of frequencies and reject all others.
• Capability to differentiate between the desired signals and disturbances.
• Tuned Circuits
• Shape Factor is the measure of the steepness of skirts.
• Skirt Selectivity
• 60-dB down bandwidth to 6-dB down bandwidth ratio
• Shape Factor = (f4 – f3) / (f2-f1)
• Shape Factor = B-60dB / B-6dB
• The lower the shape factor, the better selectivity. Ideal value is 1
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• Assume that the 60-dB bandwidth is 8 kHz and the 6-dB bandwidth is
3 kHz. What is the Shape Factor?
• What is 60-dB bandwidth if 6-dB bandwidth is 3 kHz and Shape Factor
is 5.24?
• What is 6-dB bandwidth if 60-dB bandwidth is 3 kHz and Shape Factor
is 5.24?
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• Quality Factor (Q) and Bandwidth
• By carefully controlling the Quality Factor of the resonant circuit, you can set
the desired selectivity.
• Q = fr / BW
• Q = Quality Factor
• fr = resonant frequency of a tuned circuit
• BW = bandwidth
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• In an AM broadcast system, let us consider that a tuned circuit is
required to have a bandwidth of 10 kHz at a frequency of 540 kHz.
The Quality Factor must be:
• In an AM broadcast system, if we consider that a tuned circuit Quality
Factor is 27 at a frequency of 540 kHz. The bandwidth must be:
• In an AM broadcast system, if we consider that a tuned circuit Quality
Factor is 27 and a bandwidth of 15 kHz. The resonant frequency of
the tuned circuit must be:
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• Sensitivity
• Ability to amplify weak signals
• Defined in terms of voltage
• Determined by noise level encountered in the receiver
• Expressed as Signal-to-Noise Ratio (SNR), Noise Factor (NF), Signal-to-noise
and distortion ratio (SINAD)
• SNR = signal voltage / noise voltage; signal power / noise power
• NF = SNR input / SNR output
• SINAD = (signal power + noise power + distortion power) / (noise power +
distortion power)
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• Dynamic Range
• Difference in decibels between the minimum input level necessary to discern
a signal and the input that will overdrive the receiver and produce distortion.
• maximum dB level sustainable without overflow (or other distortion) minus
the dB level of the ``noise floor''.
• The threshold of hearing is near 0 dB, and the ``threshold of pain'' is often
defined as 120 dB, The dynamic range of human hearing is approximately 120
dB.
BASIC Principles of Signal Reproduction
• Fidelity
• Ability to produce, at the output of the receiver, an exact replica of the
original source information.
• Ability to reproduce all the modulating frequencies equally
SwEATWORK
• What is 60-dB bandwidth if 6-dB bandwidth is 31 kHz and Shape
Factor is 2.24?
• In an AM broadcast system, if we consider that a tuned circuit Quality
Factor is 36 and a bandwidth of 35 kHz. The resonant frequency of
the tuned circuit must be:
• Compute for SINAD given the following
• signal power 24
• noise power 13
• distortion power 2
• Compute for the SNR of aforementioned system.