LESSON 4

Citing Sources
What are the different types
of sources?
TYPES OF SOURCES IN RESEARCH

https://ucsd.libguides.com/mmw121/sources
Why do we need to cite our
sources?
 Reasons to cite sources

• To avoid plagiarism
• To give credit to the author/s who did the
research
• To give credibility to your ideas
How do we cite our
sources?
FORMS OF CITATION

➤ In-text
➤Reference/Bibliography
CITATION STYLE

➤ APA

➤ MLA

➤ AMA

➤ IEEE

➤ CHICAGO
In-text citation (APA Format)

➤ The source’s author/s

➤ The year of publication
➤ The page number (sometimes)
In-text citation (APA Format)

According to Rogers (2005), it was then not clarified

whether the field was for children or adults, but in today’s
context, it is directed towards alternative education for
out- of-school children.
Reader response activities are integral in the
instruction, which engage learners not only in creative
and reflective thinking, but also in social interaction
with others
(Dela Cruz-Reoperez, 2006).

“Adult education is only relevant if it strengthens the

people to assert their right to self-determination” (Fiagoy,
2000, p.
34).
APA Reference/Bibliography
Dela-Cruz-Reoperez, M. G. (2006). Integrated, Literature-Based Approach: Towards
Improving the Comprehension and Interest in Reading of College Freshmen.
Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of the Philippines, Quezon City.

Rogers, A. (2005). Non-Formal Education: Flexible Schooling or Participatory

Education?
New York, USA: Springer Science +Business Media, Inc.
In-text citation (MLA Format)

➤ The source’s author/s

➤ The page number

“Adult education is only relevant if it strengthens the

people to assert their right to self-determination” (Fiagoy
34).

Billy has the ability to relate to others with his

voice (Vonnegut 36).

Vonnegut describes Billy’s ability to relate to others with

his voice (36).
 MLA Reference/Bibliography

Fiagoy, G.L. Adult education and indigenous peoples in the Philippines. UNESCO
Institute for Education, 2000. Web. 21 May 2012.

Vonnegut, K. Slaughterhouse 5. London: Vintage, 1991. Print.

In-text citation (AMA Format)

➤ No need to name the author and include the page

number or date of publication

➤ References are numbered according to the order they were

cited

➤ Each reference is assigned a number in superscript

It was then not clarified whether the field was for
children or adults, but in today’s context, it is directed
towards alternative education for out-of-school children.

Reader response activities are integral in the

instruction, which engage learners not only in creative
and reflective thinking, but also in social interaction
with others.

“Adult education is only relevant if it strengthens the

people to assert their right to self-determination.”
 AMA Reference/Bibliography

1. Rogers, A. Non-Formal Education: Flexible Schooling or

Participatory Education? New York, USA: Springer Science
+Business Media, Inc; 2005.

2. Dela-Cruz-Reoperez, M. G. Integrated, Literature-Based Approach:

Towards Improving the Comprehension and Interest in Reading of
College Freshmen. Unpublished Master’s Thesis. University of the
Philippines, Quezon City; 2006.

3. Fiagoy, G.L. Adult education and indigenous peoples in the

Philippines. UNESCO Institute for Education.
http://www.unesco.org/education/uie/ pdf/Philippines.pdf. Published
2000. Accessed May 21, 2016.
Name that Citation Style!
In-text/Reference

APA

MLA
Visual imagery is sometimes referred to
as “using the mind’s eye”, serving as
one’s mental blackboard or personal
movie screen that supports problem
solving of both verbal and spatial
tasks (Douville and Algozinne36).

MLA
Their educational attainment and the
respect attributed to them are some of the
factors considered for the recommendation
(Abelardo, 2015).

APA
1 Bender, W.N., Larkin, M.J. Reading
strategies for elementary students with
learning difficulties: Strategies for
RTI. California: Corwin Press,Inc;
2009.

AMA
Bursuck and Damer noted that motivation
is also significant, as the act of reading
will depend whether it is done for
pleasure or to acquire information (255).

MLA
Readingcomprehension is also enhanced
whenintegrating both verbal and visual
instructional techniques in the lesson, as it
helps indeepening the students’ quality of
mentalrepresentations.

AMA
Abelardo, A.M.S. (2015). Mediations and Social
Consequences of a Distance Education Program among
Aetas of Bamban, Tarlac. Unpublished Master’s Thesis.
University of the Philippines, Quezon City.

AP
A
Bell, N. Visualizingand Verbalizing for
LanguageComprehension and Thinking.
2nd ed. CA: Gander Publishing. 2007.
Print.

MLA
Nation, K. (2005). Children’s Reading
Comprehension Difficulties. In M. Snowling
and
C. Hulmes (Eds.). The Science of Reading: A
Handbook. (p. 248). Oxford: Blackwell
Publishing.

AP
A
Cite the following using APA, AMA, MLA
Title: Examining the Impact of Later High School Start Times
on the Health and Academic Performance of High School
Students: A Multi-Site Study

➤ Author: Kyla Wahlstrom, PhD

➤ Publication: Center for Applied Research and
Educational Improvement,
➤ Publisher:University of Minnesota
➤ Place of publication: St Paul, MN,
➤ Date of publication: 2014
➤ Print
AP
Aahlstrom, Kyla. (2014). Examining the Impact of Later High School
W
Start Times on the Health and Academic Performances of High
School Students: A Multi-Site Study. Center for Applied Research
and Educational Improvement, St. Paul,MN: University of Minnesota.

MLA
Wahlstrom, Kyla. Examining the Impact of Later High School Start
Times on the Health and Academic Performances of High School
Students: A Multi-Site Study. Center for Applied Research and
Educational Improvement, St. Paul,MN: University of Minnesota.
2014. Print
AMA
Wahlstrom, Kyla. Examining the Impact of Later High School
Start Times on the Health and Academic Performances of High
School Students: A Multi-Site Study. Center for Applied
Research and Educational Improvement, St. Paul,MN:
University of Minnesota; 2014.
Title: Drawings as an alternative way of understanding young
children’s construction of literacy.

➤ Author: Kendrick, M, McKay, R

➤ Journal: Journal of Early Childhood
Literacy
➤ Date of publication: 2004
➤ Volume: 4
➤ Issue number: 1
➤ Page numbers: 109-128
➤ Print
AP
Aalternative way of understanding young children’s
Kendrick, M., & McKay, R. (2004). Drawings as an

construction of literacy. Journal of Early Childhood

Literacy, 4(1), 109-128.

MLA
Kendrick, M., & McKay, R. Drawings as an alternative
way of understanding young children’s construction of
literacy. Journal of Early Childhood Literacy. 4. 1
(2004): 109-128. Print.
AMA
Kendrick, M., McKay, R. Drawings as an
alternative way of understanding young children’s
construction of literacy. Journal of Early Childhood
Literacy. 2004; 4:109-128.
For the basic rules in in-text citation and references,
be sure to check and use the current edition of the
different citation styles.
SUMMARY
Different Citation
Styles

➤ APA

➤ MLA

➤ AMA

➤ IEEE
 SUMMARY (in-text citation)

APA
➤ The source’s author/s
➤ The year of publication
➤ The page number (sometimes)
MLA
➤ The source’s author/s
➤ The page number
SUMMARY

➤ AMA

➤ No need to name the author and include the page number or

date of publication

➤ References are numbered according to the order they were cited

➤ Each reference is assigned a number in superscript

SUMMARY (references/bibliography)
APA
SUMMARY

➤ MLA
SUMMARY

➤ AMA
Rogers, A. Non-Formal Education: Flexible Schooling or Participatory
Education?
New York, USA: Springer Science +Business Media, Inc; 2005.