Introduction to Fluid Mechanics

Chapter 10
Fluid Machinery

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

 Main Topics
 Introduction and Classification of
Fluid Machines
 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Positive Displacement Pumps
 Hydraulic Turbines
 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Turbomachines
 Comprehensive Flow Turbomachines

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Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
 Positive Displacement
 Turbomachines
• Radial-Flow (Centrifugal)
• Axial-Flow
• Mixed-Flow

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Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines

 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

• Pumps
• Fans
• Blowers
• Compressors

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Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
 Machines for Doing Work on a Fluid

© John Wiley and Sons, Inc.

Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines

 Machines for Extracting Work (Power)

from a Fluid
• Hydraulic Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)
• Gas Turbines (Impulse and Reaction)

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Introduction and Classification
of Fluid Machines
 Machines for Extracting Work (Power)
from a Fluid

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
The Angular-Momentum Principle

Apply to Control
Volume:

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
Euler Turbomachine Equation

Mechanical Power:

Theoretical Head:

Tshaft >0 for pumps, fans, blowers, and

compressors and Tshaft <0 for turbines.
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 Turbomachinery Analysis
Velocity Diagrams

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Performance – Hydraulic Power

Pump Hydraulic Power:

Pump Efficiency:

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Performance – Hydraulic Power

Turbine Hydraulic Power:

Turbine Efficiency:

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

Flow Coefficient:

Head Coefficient:

Power Coefficient:

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

Specific Speed:

Specific Speed
(Customary Units):

Specific Speed
(Customary Units):

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 Turbomachinery Analysis
 Dimensional Analysis and Specific Speed

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Euler Equation – Centrifugal Pumps

Head Equation:

Shutoff Head:

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Euler Equation – Centrifugal Pumps

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Euler Equation – Axial Flow Pumps
and Fans

Mechanical Power:

Theoretical Head:

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Performance Characteristics

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Performance Characteristics
• the head at any flow rate in the real machine
may be significantly lower than is predicted
by the idealized analysis
• Causes:
1) At very low flow rate, some fluid recirculates in the
impeller.
2) Friction loss and leakage loss both increase with flow
rate.
3) “Shock loss” results from a mismatch between the
direction of the relative velocity and the tangent to the
impeller blade

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Performance Characteristics

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Similarity Rules

For Dynamic Similarity:

… and …

… so …

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 Cavitation and Net Positive
Suction Head
 Cavitation:
• local static pressure falls below the vapor pressure of the liquid which can locally flash to vapor, forming a vapor cavity and significantly changing the flow
pattern
• it reduces the performance of a pump or turbine
• damage or surface pitting
• cavitation can be avoided limiting the pressure drop in the inlet piping system

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Pump Selection: Applications to
Fluid Systems

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Pump Selection: Applications to
Fluid Systems
Pumps in Series:

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Pump Selection: Applications to
Fluid Systems
Pumps in Parallel:

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Blowers and Fans

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Blowers and Fans

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 Pumps, Fans, and Blowers
 Blowers and Fans

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Positive Displacement Pumps

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 Hydraulic Turbines
 Performance Characteristics

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 Hydraulic Turbines
 Performance Characteristics

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Propellers

Speed of Advance Coefficient:

Thrust, Torque, Power Coefficients, and Propeller Efficiency

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Propellers

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Wind-Powered Machines

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Examples of modern wind turbine designs

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Wind-Powered Machines

Kinetic Energy Flux:

Power Coefficient:

Tip Speed Ratio:

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 Propellers and Wind-Powered
Machines
 Wind-Powered Machines

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 Compressible Flow
Turbomachines
 Application of the Energy Equation to a
Compressible Flow Machine

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 Compressible Flow
Turbomachines
 Compressors

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 Compressible Flow
Turbomachines
 Compressors

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