18CE001 – Disaster Management

Dr. R. Chandra Devi

Associate Professor
Department of Civil Engineering
Sri Krishna College of Engineering and Technology
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL
DIMENSIONS IN DISASTER
2
3
 Disaster-affected people experience various
psychological reactions. These reactions
immediately follow the event while socio-
economic impacts like lack of employment;
homelessness, environmental destruction and
disorganisation emerge as a consequence,
following the devastation caused by the disaster.

 The emotional reactions should be understood

based on the manifestation of various stress
reactions, level of effort put by the people for their
own reconstruction, the pattern and amount of
disability created due to these psychological stress
etc.
 PSYCHOLOGICALLY PREPARED?
ARE WE
For every physical
injury, there may be 5-6
psychological injuries

This may overwhelm

and impede our
emergency and/or
medical response.
 Exposure to a traumatic event in which both of the following were present:

CRITICAL INCIDENT
 The person experiences, witnessed, or was
confronted with an event or events that involved
actual or threatened death or serious injury, or a
threat to the physical integrity of self or others.

 The person’s response involved intense fear,

helplessness or horror. (DSM-IV TR)
 PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT – CONSIDERATIONS
 Prior experience with a similar event

 Prior trauma

 The intensity of the disruption in the

survivors’ lives
 The resilience of the individual
 CONSIDERATIONS
PSYCHOSOCIAL IMPACT –
 The length of time that has elapsed between
the event occurrence and the present
•Children/families

 Pre-existing vulnerabilities •Seniors

•Disabled

•Bereaved
 Man-Caused vs.
•Health impairments
Naturally Occurring •Women
Events
 INCLUDE LOSS
CONSEQUENCES OF CRITICAL INCIDENTS OFTEN
 Tangible
 Loss of loved ones
Loss
 Loss of home

 Loss of material goods

 Loss of employment / income

 THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT CYCLE
It’s important to be involved in all of these dimensions, not just response
 INCLUDE LOSS
CONSEQUENCES OF CRITICAL INCIDENTS OFTEN
 Intangible
 Loss of safety / security (real or perceived)
Loss
 Loss of predictability

 Loss of social cohesion/connection/support

 Loss of dignity, trust and safety

 Loss of positive self-image/self-esteem

 Loss of trust in the future, identity, independence

 Loss of hope

 Loss of CONTROL
 EMERGENCY
POSSIBLE PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO A LARGE-SCALE
 Many people survive disasters without
developing any significant psychological
symptoms.
 For other individuals, the reactions will
disappear over time.

“Just because you have experienced a disaster

does not mean you will be damaged by it, but you
will be changed by it.”
(Weaver 1995)
 GRIEF AND LOSS
 Not an even process

 Takes time

 Can become stuck in the process

 May spawn other problems

 Nothing like T & T (Time and Talking)

SUPPORTING

OTHERS
 Primarily directed toward “normal” people who are responding

ROLE OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH?

normally to an abnormal situation

 Improve resistance, resilience and recovery.

 Identifying those at risk for severe social or psychological

impairment

 Identify those in need of additional or special services.

 ROLE OF DISASTER MENTAL HEALTH?
 Mitigate post trauma sequelae
 May prevent future problems

 Helps people to handle problems in a way that does not create MORE
problems
 Convey sense of compassion and support for people.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO
 Experience has shown that:

 Survivors respond to active, genuine interest

& concern.

 Survivors may reject disaster assistance of all

types.

 Disaster mental health assistance is often

more practical than psychological in nature.
 PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TRAUMA
 While there may be specific disaster-related stressors,
underlying concerns and needs are consistent across a
range of traumatic events. These include:
 A concern for basic survival

 Grief and loss over loved ones & loss of valued and meaningful
possessions
 Fear & anxiety about personal safety & the physical safety of
loved ones
 A need to talk about events & feelings associated with the
disaster, often repeatedly
 A need to feel one is a part of the community & its recovery
Phases of Disaster

Honeymoon
(community cohesion)
Reconstruction
Heroic (a new beginning)
f
Pre-Disaster Disillusionment rie
G
gh s)
Threat rou term
Th to
ing ing
Warning EVENT k m
or (co
W

Inventory
Trigger Events and
Anniversary Reactions

Time 1 to 3 days 1 to 3 years

 (COMMUNITY C
HONEYMOON
Survivors may be elated H
E
S
IO
N
Happy just to be alive )

This phase will not last

 DISILLUSIO
M
M
EE
NN
TT
Reality of disaster
“hits home”
Loss andGrief
becomes prominent
 WHAT DO YOU THINK?
What main attributes and
skills should a volunteer have
when offering psychological
support?
 ESSENTIAL ATTRIBUTES AND SKILLS


Good Listening skills
Patient
• Empathetic
 Caring attitude • Non-judgmental approach


Trustworthy
• Kind
Approachable
 Culturally aware • Committed
• Flexible
• Able to tolerate chaos
 Psychological first aid (PFA) promotes and sustains
an environment of:

SAFETY
CALM
CONNECTEDNESS
SELF-EFFICACY
HOPE
 THE ENERGY CURVE
Agitation

Anxiety Tension Reduction

Baseline
 REACTIONS
PSYCHOLOGICAL RESPONSE TO TRAUMA SURVIVORS’ NEEDS AND
 People often experience strong and unpleasant
emotional and physical responses following exposure
to traumatic events (e.g. disasters).
 These may include a combination of:

•Fear & anxiety •Sleep disturbances

•Grief & loss •Physical pain

•Shock •Confusion

•Hopelessness •Shame
POSSIBLE PSYCHOLOGICAL REACTIONS TO A LARGE-SCALE
EMERGENCY
For most people, things get
better with time…
 CATEGORIES OF REACTIONS AFTER THE INCIDENT
•Acute Stress Disorder / Post Trauma Stress Disorder

•Grief
•Depression •Avoidance (emotional)
•Resilience Mental Health •Substance abuse
and Illness
•Risk taking

•Over Dedication
Human
Distress Behavior in
Responses High Stress
Environments
•Fear / worry

•Sleep disturbance

•Altered productivity
 HOW DO NGOS HELP?
How do we achieve “The right to life with dignity”?
Prevent/mitigate impacts of disasters

 Provide food, water, health, shelter, sanitation,

education, psychosocial support
 Provide protection – presence, advocacy,
reporting
 Help rebuild lives and livelihoods

 Advocate for affected people + promote changes to

ineffective or unjust systems
 Mobilize governments, general public to help
Integrated NGOs ( Relief and Development)

I
EFICOR
CARE
Oxfam
World Vision
Save the
Children (US,
UK, etc.)
Caritas/Catholic Relief Services/Development & Peace
PLAN
ADRA

Specialized in Relief or Specific Sectors

MSF/Doctors Without Borders (France, Netherlands, Belgium, Spain,
Canada)
Global Medic
Action Contre le Faim – health nutrition and water
Canadian Food Grains Bank
NATIONAL NGOS AND
COMMUNITY BASED
ORGANIZATIONS (CBOS)
Characteristics
Often focused on specific sectors (eg. Health)
Sometimes faith-based or ethnically based Some
related to larger international movements Some
are quasi-governmental
Capacity often weak, but commitment often high.
Membership sometimes changing due to conflict
Issues
Are they representative of the community?
Appropriate capacity building measures?
Sustainability? Accountability?
Impartiality/Neutrality
 ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURES
Confederations
 Multiple branches in same country

 Coordination of planning and structures among

members
 Leadership and response staffing positioned globally
Federations
 One office in each country

 Tighter coordination of planning, structures

 Leadership and response staff usually positioned

globally
One-office NGOs
General Public

RESOURCE STREAMS
 Mass appeals

 Large donors, foundations

 Fundraising from the public and corporations equaled

approximately 24% of humanitarian assistance from govt
sources
Government Grants
UN Contract
Resources in Kind –
good and services
International NGOs (excluding Red Cross) manage approximately
40-60% of all humanitarian assistance funding
 6 or 7 large INGO “families” manage most of these
resources
 10 PRINCIPLES OF THE CONDUCT OF
CONDUCT
1. The humanitarian imperative comes first
2. Aid is given regardless of the race, creed or nationality of the recipients and
without adverse distinction of any kind. Aid priorities are calculated on the
basis of need alone
3. Aid will not be used to further a particular political or religious
standpoint
4. We shall endeavor not to act as instruments of government policy
5. We shall respect culture and custom
6. We shall attempt to build disaster response on local capacities
7. We shall be found to involve program beneficiaries in the management of
relief aid
8. Relief aid must strive to reduce future vulnerabilities to disaster as well as
meeting basic needs
9. We hold ourselves accountable to both those we seek to assist and those
from whom we accept resources
10. In our information, publicity and advertising activities, we shall recognize
disaster victims as dignified humans, not hopeless objects
THE HUMANITARIAN CHARTER

Standard Common to All Sectors

Water Supply, Sanitation and Hygiene

Food Security, Nutrition and Food Aid

Shelter, Settlement and Non-Food Items

Health Services
RESPONSE PREPAREDNESS

Early Warning Systems

Relief Operations Manuals
Emergency/Contingency Plans
Identifies most likely disaster scenarios.

 Outlines roles and responsibilities

Rapid Response Teams
Assessment and Implementation Teams
 Teams need proper equipment
Prepositioning supplies or arranging for quick delivery
Emergency Response Fund - funds available immediately
 he Web of Relationships in Emergencies
Peacekeepers Rebels
Search & Rescue &
National Militias
Government
Bilateral
Donors
UN System/ P

L R Disaster
O I
Multilateral C Affected
Agencies
V People
A
L A
G S
TE
O Vulnerable
CE
North NGOs/ South NGOs/ V T Communities
T
Red Cross O
Local partners R
CBOs

General Pubic/
Corporations
Newsmedia
Case 11: Disaster workers energy levels, Relief worker’s Self-Care

IM
Topic: Workers tire after 1-2 weeks in disaster
(health work activity in the disaster situation)
“I think the fatigue of staffs would peak about one week after the earthquake. I
thought we should not have felt “I have to be here” and took rest.”

“We felt that we had to be a leader and act because I am the health worker in the
area. We were totally tired just after two weeks. We held conference with assistant
health workers from outside areas. I said that we had no energy to continue. Replies
from assistants were warm. They said “How can we assist you to continue your
work?”

H
Lessons

•Emergency workers work until they are very tired – they are also stressed

•Outside mental health staff needed to help identify and solve worker
fatigue issues
•Perceived failure in saving lives can cause stress among disaster
workers 40
 Psychosocial programming
Case 25: Counseling for disaster survivors, Sri Lanka
Topic: NGO provision of trauma counseling and psychosocial programming
Indian Ocean Tsunami devastated three quarters of the coastline of Sri Lanka. At its
worst, in the early stages, there were nearly a million displaced persons.
MERCY Malaysia began response with their Psychosocial Support programs, which
covered trauma counseling as well as psychosocial activities. MERCY Malaysia made
efforts to deploy Tamil speaking mental health support volunteers in order that the
help would fully benefit the beneficiaries.
Five hundred out of the 2,000 survivors who were counseled by their volunteers were
children. With the children, MERCY Malaysia volunteers provided counseling through
art and play therapy. MERCY Malaysia’s volunteers visited the communities living in IDP
camps. Psychosocial intervention was given on an individual basis, in family groups as
well as in the form of community counseling sessions. Their volunteers also developed
artwork and informative posters illustrating facts on tsunamis. MERCY Malaysia
conducted a Mental Health Support Training Programme to better equip mental health
workers as well as family support workers to assist those affected.

Lessons

•Deploy psychosocial volunteers who speak the local language

•Art and play therapy used with children

•Psychosocial intervention took place on individual, family and community levels

•Knowledge of the risk and lessons on preparedness help individuals and

41
communities to deal with their experiences in a disaster
 Psychosocial programming
Case 26: Measures for Psychosocial Support and Coping with Trauma, Tsunami, Thailand 2004
Topic: Actions of the Department of Mental Health
The tragedy of tsunami that struck Thailand on 26 December 2004 took a psychological
toll on both adults and children. The Department of Mental Health launched a
sustained effort to support those who were affected in dealing with the trauma and
stress of having lived though the disaster.
It mobilized staff response teams with psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers,
nurses and pharmacists covering each affected district. These teams provided
individual and group counseling as well as medication for those in need. Home visits
are currently conducted on a weekly basis, and the programme is scheduled to
continue with monthly visits for two years.
DOMH also arranged outreach to schools to expand psychological education to assist
in coping with trauma. Counseling, drugs and treatment have been provided to
victims.

Lessons

•Team approach includes psychiatrists, psychologists, social workers,

nurses and pharmacists
•Interventions include home visits, and individual and group
counseling
•Opening a mental health center expanded the reach of the psychosocial
interventions
42
 Psychosocial programming
Case 35: Youth helping families to recover, IFRC Youth Award - Together for humanity:
Reducing the impact from disasters - Return of Happiness - Costa Rica Red Cross

THouprriicc:aPneo
r Mgritacmh omnni mgenni tavlohvl eani ltghyoof
“Return of Happiness”, the programme presented by the youth of the Costa Rica
Red
uthneCross
gHpoewas
nodpwinner of the
ulrean adult Youth Award 2007. In the response to a disaster, youth
population
volunteers are mobilized to ensure psycho-social support to the vulnerable groups,
especially children, with at particular focus on child protection.
The special attention given to the training of youth volunteers, close cooperation
with UNICEF as well as with the Psychosocial Support Unit of the National Society,
and the prompt mobilization of the youth volunteers in the local communities
together resulted in increased motivation of the youth volunteers. This makes the
programme highly sustainable and contributes to rebuilding the material and social
aspects of the local communities.

Lessons

•Youth volunteers can be mobilized to help provide psychosocial support to

vulnerable groups especially children
•Youth volunteers must be trained

•Support from UNICEF motivated youth volunteers and helped the

community recover
43
 •”
Activities Suggested With Children

PSYCHOSOCIAL PROGRAMMING
44
SSuubb
IIssssuuee52: :ElFdaemryl

PSYCHOSOCIAL PROGRAMMING
ilies

“When helping the old-age population…….

Ensure medical aid and physical well-being.
Guard against extreme feelings of hopelessness and helplessness.
Encourage healthy grief reactions, such as crying, talking about losses.
Allow elders to talk about their fears, anxieties and guilt.
Encourage group meetings with elderly survivors.
Encourage participation in community decision making.”

45
 •”
Activities Suggestions With Adults

PSYCHOSOCIAL PROGRAMMING
46
Case 62: Mourning the dead, The disaster of Armero (Colombia), 1985

KEY PSYCHOSOCIAL ISSUES IN RECOVERY

The town of Armero, in the Colombian Andes, was destroyed on 13 November 1985
by a volcanic eruption that caused an avalanche of ash, boiling mud, rocks, and trees.
The landslide was almost 2 km wide and reached speeds of 90 km/h. It killed 80
percent of the 30,000 inhabitants of Armero, and left almost 100,000 inhabitants
homeless in the surrounding region.
It was impossible to recover the corpses since the vast majority were dragged a great
distance and buried under tons of sand and rubble. This situation prevented
traditional ceremonies from being carried out, and many months after the disaster,
family members were excited by rumors that the dead had been seen nearby or in
far-off places, or wandering like a lost madman. Each of these false reports revised
new hopes that were always followed by new disappointments.
In the places where the houses stood, and which could more easily be identified later
than in the immediate months after the disaster, headstones were placed with the
names of the dead, and relatives now place flowers and say prayers there. They have
become symbolic graves where families can conduct memorial activities, albeit
belatedly.

Lessons

•Corpses are often lost in a disaster before relatives can claim them and bury them
as their culture dictates
•Symbolic sites are identified where relatives can place headstones and to pay
their respects to their dead relatives
A weather system consisting of an area of low

CYCLONE
pressure, in which winds circulate at speeds
exceeding 61 km/hr, also known as ‘Cyclone’ or
Tropical Storm.
 C N
PE
The super cyclone of October 1999 generated a wind speed
of 252 km/h with an ensuing surge of 7–9m close to
Paradip in Orissa which caused unprecedented inland
inundation up to 35 km from the coast. It is worth noting
that, at times, persistent standing water was identified in
the satellite imageries even 11 days after the cyclone
landfall, as it happened in the Krishna delta in May 1990
and in several other instances. The Andhra Pradesh
cyclone in 1977 which hit Divi Seema also generated
winds exceeding 250 km per hour.
 lays down institutional and coordination mechanism for effective

THE DISASTER MANAGEMENT ACT,

Disaster Management (DM) at the national, state, district and local
levels. As mandated by this Act, the Government of India (GoI) created
a multi- tiered institutional system consisting of the National Disaster
Management Authority (NDMA) headed by the Prime Minister, the
State Disaster Management Authorities (SDMAs) by the respective
Chief Ministers and the District Disaster Management Authorities
(DDMAs) by the District Collectors and co-chaired by Chairpersons of
the local bodies. These bodies have been set up to facilitate a paradigm
shift from the hitherto reliefcentric approach to a more proactive,
holistic and integrated approach of strengthening disaster
preparedness, mitigation and emergency response.
 The National Disaster Management

NATIONAL DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Authority (NDMA), as the apex body in the
GoI, has the responsibility of laying down
policies, plans and guidelines for DM and
coordinating their enforcement and
implementation for ensuring timely and
effective response to disasters
 In essence, NDMA will concentrate on
prevention, preparedness, mitigation,
rehabilitation, reconstruction and recovery
and also formulate appropriate policies
and guidelines for effective and synergised
national disaster response and relief. It
will also coordinate the enforcement and
implementation of policies and plans.
 The DM Act 2005 has mandated the constitution of

NATIONAL DISASTER RESPONSE FORCE

the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) for
the purpose of specialised response to a
threatening disaster situation or disaster. The
general superintendence, direction and control of
the force is vested in, and exercised by, NDMA and
the command and supervision of this force is
vested in the Director General of NDRF. Presently,
NDRF comprises eight battalions with further
expansion to be considered in due course.
 The National Institute of Disaster Management

NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER

(NIDM) has institutional capacity development as
one of its major responsibilities along with
training, documentation of research, networking
and development of a national level information
base.
 NIDM will function closely within the broad
policies and guidelines laid down by NDMA and
assist in developing training modules, impart
training to trainers and DM officials and
strengthening of
 Administrative Training Institutes (ATIs) in the
state. It will also be responsible for synthesising
research activities. NIDM will be geared towards
emerging as a ‘Centre of Excellence’ at the
national and international levels.
 At the state level, the State Disaster Management

STATE DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Authority (SDMA) headed by the Chief Minister,
will lay down policies and plans for DM in the
state. It will, inter alia, approve the state plan in
accordance with the guidelines laid down by
NDMA,
 At the cutting edge level, the District Disaster

DISTRICT DISASTER MANAGEMENT

Management Authority (DDMA) headed by the
District Magistrate, with the elected
representative of the local authority as the co-
chairperson,will act as the planning, coordinating
and implementing body for DM and take all
necessary measures for the purposes of DM in the
district in accordance with the guidelines laid
down by NDMA and SDMA.
 This includes Urban Local Bodies (ULBs), Panchayati

LOCAL AUTHORITIES
Raj Institutions (PRIs), district and Cantonment
Boards and Town Planning Authorities for control
and management of civic services. These bodies
will ensure capacity building of their officers and
employees in DM, carry out relief, rehabilitation
and reconstruction activities in the affected areas
and will prepare DM plans in consonance with
guidelines of NDMA, SDMAs and DDMAs
 In any disaster, it is the community that is always

CIVIL DEFENCE
the first responder. Outside help comes in only
later.Training the community and making such
response organised is therefore of utmost
importance.
WMO

EARLY WARNING SYSTEMS

IMD
Hydrological
Oceanographic
Meteorological
satellite data
from ships, observations from ocean data buoys,
coastal radars (conventional and Doppler) and
national and international satellites (geo-stationary
and polar orbiting)
Automatic weather stations
Rain gauges
Wind profilers
 EFICOR formed the Disaster Management Committee (DMC)

COMMUNITY PREPAREDNESS
in each target habitation. The DMC has taken-up the
ownership of community assets (raised borewells pump
sets, etc.). The Village level DMC's were attached to a single
management structure, called Disaster Management
Society. Core members of the Federation were provided
necessary training and exposure for managing the future
disasters. This federation is also tapping government
resources and managing their own programmes. Each DMC
in consultation with DMS is mobilizing the available
resources from the Govt. and other sources during the time
of disaster occurrence. In each DMC at least 2 to 3 women
members were nominated.
 DMC also ensures the consistency of Task force s, periodic
mock drill exercises that are to be performed in the
habitations in every quarter. DMC also makes sure that
there is a review and updation of Task Force and DMC in
every 3 years, for active participation from all levels in the
habitations.
 The Disaster Management Bill, 2005
Disaster Management Act, 2005
The National Disaster Management Authority
National Disaster Response Force

State Disaster Management Authority

District Disaster Management Authority

DISTRICT MP / MLA
DISASTER ZP
MANAGEMENT CHAIRPERS
CELL / TASK DISTRICT ON
FORCE / COLLECTOR /
RELIEF AND JOINT
REHABILITATI COLLECTOR /
ON CELL CEO

SC / ST

RDO / SUB-
IEM ITDA CORPO

COLLECTOR RATION

LAW
AND
ENGINEE
ORDER
R

MRO /
MDO DM SOCIETY AGRICULTUR
E

MPTC / HEALT
ZPTC H

D D D D

C C C C
O O O O
M M M M
M M M M
IT IT IT IT

E E E E
E E E E
D D D D

C C C C
O O O O
M M M M
M M M M
IT IT IT IT
T T T T

E E E E

DMC / DMS Organisational

DMC / DMS Organisational DMCs of each village in the
Structure area
Structure
GRAM PANCHAYAT

DM COMMITTEE

TASK FORCE TEAMS CBOs – RYTHU MITHRA

GROUPS, SELF-HELP
GROUPS, ETC.

W ARNIN RESCU FIRST SHELTER

G E AID MANAGEMEN RELIEF
T
 PRE FLOOD ACTIVITIES
 Conducting meeting in the village regarding the
possible extent of flood and actions to be taken.
 Checking of all rescue material. i.e.- bottles,
coconut, ropes, thermocoal boats, etc
 Early warning group preparation
 Identification of old people, pregnant ladies,
kids Identification of high raised place
 Rice collected from all households
 First aid material made ready
 Kept ear on Radio news by warning groups
 Announcement in the village
 Evacuation to safer place to old age people,
ladies, kids, sick people & live stock
 Moved people to safer place (i.e. aged
people, pregnant women, children, sick
people etc…)
 Arrangement for temporary shelter
Approached Govt. for emergency
relief
 Availed rice and dal from Government for camp.
Used EFICOR high raised bore well for drinking
water Monitored the Water levels and receding
status.
 POST FLOOD ACTIVITIES
 Flood Area survey
House damage
survey
 Water logging sites
survey
 Call to govt. medical team for medication
Cleaning of Debris and cleaning whole
Village.
 Bleaching powder spreading in water and logging
areas House damage assessment
 Crop damage assessment (both the reports were given to the
govt officials, they were so amazed to see that how accurately
it has been done. Further the compensation and new houses
were sectioned according to this assessment.
 Relief from Govt. & EFICOR distributed through DMC & Task
force Govt. Relief distributed equally in the village
 Sick people were taken to hospital
 HOW DO WE MITIGATE THE HAZARD FROM A
Monitoring
 early warning systems
Infrastructure
 cyclone walls

 communal shelters
Education and planning
has
as
:
es
1. It is possible to reduce loss of life and property
through preparedness
2. Preparedness is necessary at every level – national,
provincial, local and community
3. Preparedness is necessary in every sector
4. Pre-Disaster Recovery Planning to ensure better
coordination among various sectors in different
levels
5. Such planning needs to be formalized in the shape of
manuals and Standard Operating Procedures so that
there is no confusion during and after disasters
1. Holistic - cover housing, infrastructure, education,
livelihood, health, psycho-social care etc.
2. Long term - provide livelihood support including
development of skill, provisioning of credit and marketing
support etc
3. ‘Build back better’ - ensure that the houses and
infrastructure constructed after disasters withstand the
hazards and risks of nature and the hazards do not become
disasters again
4. Sustainable - integrate environmental issues,
such regeneration of mangroves, conservation of
water,
5. Inclusive - care for poor and vulnerable - women, children,
aged, physically and mentally challenged people
 Recovery

Pre- Disaster Recovery Planning

Sort Term Intermediate Long Term

(0 -30 days) (1 to 6 months) (6 m to 3 years)

• Search and rescue • Permanent housing

• Intermediate shelter
• Emergency health • Livelihood support
• Health Care
• Temporary shelter • Restoration of physical
• Continuation of support for
• Food, clothes
Infrastructure
food, clothes etc
• Restoration of
• Damage assessment • Psycho-social care
social infrastructure
• Restoration of critical • School and day care
• Psycho-social
 India has developed a legal and institutional system of

U
disaster management
 India has also taken important steps for better response
and preparedness
 Lots to be done for preparedness to match acceptable
risks Prevention and mitigation continues to remain
weak
 Early warning of flood and extreme weather events needs lots
of improvements
 Hazard resistant building bye laws notified, but standard
of implementation is poor
 Strengthening of lifeline structures still unattended task
 Many metropolitan cities have accumulated risks and
vulnerabilities that trigger mega disasters in future
 Country is yet to develop a risk transfer and risk insurance system