Universalism and

Utilitarianism
Theory of Universalism
•Universalism is considered a deontological or duty-based approach.
•The Universalist approach was mainly developed by Immanuel Kant, a German
philosopher who lived in the 18th century (1724 – 1804)
•There should be one universal moral law which we should INDEPENDENTLY
impose onto ourselves.
•We should only choose an act if we would want every person on earth, being in
the same situation as we currently are, to act in exactly the same way.
•We should always act in a way that demonstrates respect to others and treats
them as ends onto themselves rather than as means toward an end.
Strengths of Universalism
• Consistency - there is no question about the decision to be made: what is right for one should be right for all

• Focuses on the intentions (i.e. means) of the decision maker, and

not the end - This theory evokes a deep consideration for the well-
being of all parties involved in our actions.
Weaknesses of Universalism
 Aspect of universalizability - How possible is it to consider all
people, all nations, all beliefs, and all cultures in every single act we
implement?
• Does not support restoring an existing imbalance
• At odds with Religion
Opportunities and Threats for Universalism
• Globalization - Universalists feel that the world is in need of an
ethical perspective that transcends cultural and religious differences.
• Need for flexibility in contemporary society – Universalism is a
rigid moral stance. Contemporary society is attracted by flexible,
frequently changing stances.
Theory of Utilitarianism
• The end result (the “consequence”) should be the most important
consideration in any act implemented
• In general, Utilitarianism holds the view that the action that
produces the greatest wellbeing for the largest number is the
morally right one.
Strengths of Utilitarianism
• Focus on wellbeing of the majority
• Flexibility
Weaknesses of Utilitarianism
• Denounces personal moral beliefs and integrity in case they are
not aligned with the “overall good”
• Focuses on end and not the means
• No consistency
• Perception based approach
Opportunities and Threats for Utilitarianism
• Popular and contemporary approach
• Lack of consistency